Karabelo ea boits'ireletso

Karabelo ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung ke ka moo' mele oa hau o itsebang le ho itšireletsa khahlanong le libaktheria, livaerase le lintho tse bonahalang li kantle le tse kotsi.

Ts'ireletso ea mmele e sireletsa 'mele linthong tse ka bang kotsi ka ho amohela le ho arabela li-antigen. Li-antigen ke lintho (hangata liprotheine) tse holim'a lisele, livaerase, li-fungus kapa libaktheria. Lintho tse sa pheleng tse kang chefo, lik'hemik'hale, lithethefatsi le likaroloana tsa kantle ho naha (joalo ka sekhahla) le tsona e ka ba li-antigen. Ts'ireletso ea mmele e amohela le ho senya, kapa ho leka ho senya, lintho tse nang le li-antigen.

Lisele tsa 'mele oa hau li na le liprotheine tseo e leng li-antigen. Tsena li kenyelletsa sehlopha sa li-antigen tse bitsoang li-antigen tsa HLA. Sistimi ea hau ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung e ithuta ho bona li-antigen tsena e le tse tloaelehileng' me hangata ha li itšoare ka tsona.

TS'ELISO MOHAPI

Ho itšireletsa mafung ka tlhaho kapa ka ho khetheha, ke ts'ireletso eo u tsoetsoeng ka eona. E u sireletsa khahlanong le li-antigen tsohle. Ho itšireletsa mafung ka tlhaho ho kenyelletsa litšitiso tse thibelang lisebelisoa tse kotsi ho kena 'meleng oa hau. Lithibelo tsena li theha mohala oa pele oa tšireletso karabong ea 'mele. Mehlala ea boits'ireletso ba tlhaho e kenyelletsa:

• Ho khohlela reflex
• Li-enzyme ka meokho le lioli tsa letlalo
• Mucus, e tšoasang libaktheria le likaroloana tse nyane
• Letlalo
• Asiti ea mala

Ho itšireletsa mafung ka hare ho 'mele ho boetse ho tla ka sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale sa protheine, se bitsoang immune innate immunity. Mehlala e kenyelletsa sistimi ea tlatsetso ea 'mele le lintho tse bitsoang interferon le interleukin-1 (e bakang feberu).

Haeba antigen e feta litšitiso tsena, e hlaseloa ebe e senngoa ke likarolo tse ling tsa sesole sa 'mele.

LITEBOHO LITSIETSI

Ho itšireletsa mafung ke ho itšireletsa mafung ho hlahang ka ho pepesehela li-antigen tse fapaneng. Sesole sa hau sa 'mele se itšireletsa khahlanong le antigen eo.

TS'ireletso PASSIVE

Ho itšireletsa mafung ho bakoa ke lithibela-mafu tse hlahisoang 'meleng o seng oa hau. Masea a na le boits'ireletso ba mmele hobane a hlaha ka li-antibodies tse fetisoang ka placenta ho tsoa ho mme oa bona. Li-antibodies tsena lia nyamela lipakeng tsa likhoeli tse 6 le 12.

Ho entoa ka mokhoa o sa sebetseng ho ka boela ha bakoa ke ente ea antiserum, e nang le lisireletsi tse entsoeng ke motho e mong kapa phoofolo e 'ngoe. E fana ka tšireletso hanghang khahlanong le antigen, empa ha e fane ka tšireletso e tšoarellang nako e telele. Serum globulin ea 'mele (e fanoang bakeng sa ho pepeseha ha lefu la sebete) le tetanus antitoxin ke mehlala ea ente e sa sebetseng.

LIEKETSENG MALI

Ts'ireletso ea mmele e kenyelletsa mefuta e itseng ea lisele tse tšoeu tsa mali. E boetse e kenyelletsa lik'hemik'hale le liprotheine maling, joalo ka lisireletsi, li tlatsetsa liprotheine le interferon. Tse ling tsa tsona li hlasela ka kotloloho lintho tsa kantle ho 'mele,' me tse ling li sebetsa 'moho ho thusa lisele tsa sesole sa' mele.

Li-lymphocyte ke mofuta oa sele e tšoeu ea mali. Ho na le li-lymphocyte tsa mofuta oa B le T.

• Li-lymphocyte tsa B li fetoha lisele tse hlahisang li-antibodies. Masole a mmele a hokelwa ho antigen e itseng mme a nolofaletsa disele tsa mmele tsa mmele ho senya antigen.
• Li-lymphocyte tsa T li hlasela li-antigen ka kotloloho mme li thusa ho laola boits'ireletso ba mmele. Li boetse li ntša lik'hemik'hale, tse tsejoang e le li-cytokine, tse laolang boits'ireletso bohle ba mmele.

Ha li-lymphocyte li ntse li hola, hangata ba ithuta ho khetholla phapang lipakeng tsa lisele tsa 'mele oa hau le lintho tse sa fumaneheng' meleng oa hau. Hang ha lisele tsa B le lisele tsa T li thehiloe, tse 'maloa tsa lisele tseo li tla ngatafala ebe li fana ka "mohopolo" bakeng sa sesole sa hau sa' mele. Sena se lumella sesole sa hau sa 'mele ho arabela ka potlako le ka nepo nakong e tlang ha o pepesehela antigen e tšoanang. Maemong a mangata, e tla u thibela ho kula. Mohlala, motho ea kileng a tšoaroa ke sekholopane kapa a entiloe khahlanong le khofu ea ts'ireletso ha a na tšoaetso ea kokoana-hloko hape.

TIISETSO TS'OLO

Karabelo ea ho ruruha (ho ruruha) e etsahala ha lisele li lematsoa ke libaktheria, khatello ea maikutlo, chefo, mocheso kapa sesosa sefe kapa sefe. Lisele tse senyehileng li lokolla lik'hemik'hale tse kenyeletsang histamine, bradykinin le prostaglandins. Lik'hemik'hale tsena li baka methapo ea mali ho lutla mokelikeli ka har'a lisele, e leng ho bakang ho ruruha. Sena se thusa ho arola ntho ea kantle ho naha hore e se ke ea hlola e kopana le lisele tsa 'mele.

Lik'hemik'hale hape li hohela lisele tse tšoeu tsa mali tse bitsoang phagocyte tse "jang" likokoana-hloko le lisele tse shoeleng kapa tse senyehileng. Ts'ebetso ena e bitsoa phagocytosis. Qetellong li-Phagocyte lia shoa. Lithako li entsoe ka pokello ea lisele tse shoeleng, libaktheria tse shoeleng, le li-phagocyte tse phelang le tse shoeleng.

LITLHAKISO TSA SESOTHO SA IMMUNE LE LITABA

Mathata a sesole sa 'mele a etsahala ha boits'ireletso ba mmele bo lebisitsoe khahlano le lisele tsa' mele, li feteletseng kapa li haella Alleries e kenyelletsa karabelo ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung nthong eo' mele ea batho ba bangata e e bonang e se na kotsi.

LIEKETSO LIEKETSO

Ente (ente) ke tsela ea ho tsosa karabelo ea boits'ireletso ba mmele. Tekanyo e nyane ea antigen, joalo ka livaerase tse phelang tse shoeleng kapa tse fokolisitsoeng, li fuoa ho kenya ts'ebetsong sesole sa "immune memory" (lisele tsa B tse sebelisitsoeng le lisele tsa T tse matlafalitsoeng). Ho hopola ho lumella 'mele oa hau ho arabela kapele le ka nepo ha o pepeseha nakong e tlang.

LITLHAKISO KA BOPHELO BA HO FETOHA KARABO EA LISOLE

Karabelo e sebetsang ea boits'ireletso ba mmele e sireletsa mafu le mathata a mangata. Karabelo e sa sebetseng ea boits'ireletso ea mmele e lumella mafu ho hlaha. Ho hongata haholo, hanyane haholo, kapa karabelo e fosahetseng ea boits'ireletso ba mmele e baka mathata a sesole sa 'mele. Karabelo e feteletseng ea boits'ireletso ba mmele e ka lebisa ho nts'etsopele ea mafu a itšireletsang mafung, ao ho 'ona lithibela-mafu li ipapisang le lisele tsa' mele.

Mathata a tsoang likarabelong tsa boits'ireletso ba mmele a kenyeletsa:

• Ts'oaetso kapa hypersensitivity
• Anaphylaxis, tšoaetso e sokelang bophelo
• Mathata a ho itšireletsa mafung
• Graft khahlanong le lefu le amohelang, bothata ba ho kenyelletsa 'moko oa masapo
• Mathata a ho itšireletsa mafung
• Boloetse ba serame
• Ho hana ho kenyelletsa

Ho itšireletsa mafung; Ho itšireletsa mafung; Ho itšireletsa mafung Ho itšireletsa mafung; Karabelo ea ho ruruha; Ho itšireletsa mafung

• Sefuba le feberu - seo u lokelang ho se botsa ngaka ea hau - motho e moholo
• Sefuba le feberu - seo u lokelang ho se botsa ngaka ea hau - ngoana
• Ha lesea la hao kapa lesea le e-na le feberu

• Meaho ea sistimi ea boits'ireletso
• Phagocytosis

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