Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): ke eng, matšoao le kalafo
Litaba
- Matšoao a mantlha
- Ho lemoha le ho hlophisa
- Kalafo e etsoa joang
- 1. Chemotherapy
- 2. Radiotherapy
- 3. Ho kenyelletsa masapo a masapo
- 4. Phekolo e lebisitsoeng le immunotherapy
- 5. Kalafo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ea T-Cell
Acute myeloid leukemia, e tsejoang hape e le AML, ke mofuta oa mofets'e o amang lisele tsa mali ebe o qala mokong, e leng setho se ikarabellang bakeng sa tlhahiso ea lisele tsa mali. Mofuta ona oa mofets'e o na le monyetla o moholo oa ho fola ha o fumanoa maemong a ona a pele, ha ho ntse ho se na metastasis mme e baka matšoao a kang ho theola boima ba 'mele le ho ruruha ha maleme le mpa, mohlala.
Lefuemia e matla ea myeloid e ata ka potlako mme e ka etsahala ho batho ba lilemo tsohle, leha ho le joalo e etsahala khafetsa ho batho ba baholo, joalo ka ha lisele tsa mofetše li bokellana mokong oa masapo ebe li ntšetsoa maling, moo li romelloang ho litho tse ling., Joalo ka sebete , spleen kapa tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng, moo li tsoelang pele ho hola le ho hola.
Kalafo ea leukemia e matla ea myeloid e ka etsoa sepetlele sa mofets'e mme e matla haholo likhoeling tse peli tsa pele, mme bonyane selemo se le seng sa kalafo sea hlokahala hore lefu lena le phekolehe.
Matšoao a mantlha
Matšoao a atileng haholo a kankere ea mali e bohloko ea myeloid a kenyelletsa:
- Phokolo ea mali, e khetholloang ka ho fokotseha ha hemoglobin;
- Ho ikutloa bofokoli le malaise ka kakaretso;
- Pallor le hlooho e bakoang ke khaello ea mali;
- Ho tsoa mali khafetsa ho khetholloang ka ho tsoa mali habonolo ka nko le ho ea khoeling ho eketsehileng;
- Ho ba le matetetso a maholo leha e le ka lipolao tse nyane;
- Ho lahleheloa ke takatso ea lijo le ho theola boima ba 'mele ntle le lebaka le utloahalang;
- Ho ruruha le ho opeloa ke maleme, haholo molaleng le botenng;
- Ho tšoaetsoa khafetsa;
- Bohloko masapong le manonyellong;
- Feberu;
- Phefumoloho e khutšoanyane le khohlela;
- Mofufutso o feteletseng oa bosiu, o qhatsetsang liaparo tsa hau;
- Ho se utloise bohloko mpeng ho bakoang ke ho ruruha ha sebete le spleen.
Acute myeloid leukemia ke mofuta oa mofetše oa mali o atisang ho ama batho ba baholo mme ts'oaetso ea ona e ka etsoa kamora liteko tsa mali, ho hlaba lumbar le biopsy ea moko oa masapo.
Ho lemoha le ho hlophisa
Ho fumanoa ha leukemia e matla ea myeloid ho ipapisitse le matšoao a hlahisoang ke motho le liphetho tsa liteko, joalo ka palo ea mali, tlhahlobo ea moko oa masapo le liteko tsa limolek'hule le immunohistochemical. Ka palo ea mali, ho a khonahala ho bona ho fokotseha ha palo ea lisele tse tšoeu tsa mali, boteng ba ho potoloha lisele tse tšoeu tsa 'mele tse sa tsoaneng le palo e tlase ea lisele tse khubelu tsa mali le liplatelete. Ho netefatsa ts'oaetso, ho bohlokoa hore myelogram e etsoe, moo e entsoeng ka ho phunya le ho bokella sampole ea moko oa masapo, e hlahlojoang laboratoring. Utloisisa hore na myelogram e etsoa joang.
Ho tseba mofuta oa lefu la mali le bohloko la 'mele, ho bohlokoa hore liteko tsa limolek'hule le tsa immunohistochemical li etsoe ho khetholla litšobotsi tsa lisele tse fumanehang maling tse khethollang lefu lena, leseli lena le le bohlokoa ho tseba hore na lefu lena le ka tšoaetsoa joang ngaka ho bontša kalafo e nepahetseng ka ho fetisisa.
Hang ha mofuta oa AML o tsejoa, ngaka e ka tseba hore na ho na le tšoaetso efe le ho theha menyetla ea ho fola. AML e ka aroloa ka likaroloana tse ling, e leng:
Mefuta ea myeloid leukemia | Ho tsebahala ha lefu lena |
M0 - Leukemia e sa khetholloeng | Ke hampe haholo |
M1 - Leukemia e matla ea myeloid ntle le phapang | Karolelano |
M2 - Acute myeloid leukemia ka phapang | Hantle |
M3 - Lefuemia ea Promyelocytic | Karolelano |
M4 - Myelomonocytic kankere ea mali | Hantle |
M5 - Leukemia ea Monocytic | Karolelano |
M6 - Erythroleukemia | Ke hampe haholo |
M7 - Leukemia ea Megakaryocytic | Ke hampe haholo |
Kalafo e etsoa joang
Kalafo ea lefu le bohloko la myeloid leukemia (AML) e hloka ho bonts'oa ke oncologist kapa hematologist mme e ka etsoa ka mekhoa e mengata, joalo ka chemotherapy, meriana kapa phetisetso ea moko oa masapo:
1. Chemotherapy
Kalafo ea leukemia e matla ea myeloid e qala ka mofuta oa chemotherapy o bitsoang induction, o ikemiselitseng ho hlakola mofets'e, hona ho bolela ho fokotsa lisele tse kulang ho fihlela li sa fumanoe litekong tsa mali kapa ho myelogram, e leng tlhahlobo ea mali a bokelletsoeng ka kotloloho ho tsoa mokong.
Kalafo ea mofuta ona e bontšoa ke ngaka ea mafu a mali, e etsoa tleliniking ea bakuli ba sepetlele 'me e etsoa ka ho sebelisa meriana ka kotlolloho mothapong, ka catheter e behiloeng ka lehlakoreng le letona la sefuba se bitsoang port-a-cath kapa ka ho fihlella ka mothapong wa letsoho.
Maemong a mangata a lefu la myeloid leukemia, ngaka e khothaletsa hore motho a fumane litlhare tse fapaneng, tse bitsoang li-protocols, tse itšetlehileng haholo ka ts'ebeliso ea meriana e kang cytarabine le idarubicin, mohlala. Tsamaiso ena e etsoa ka mekhahlelo, ka matsatsi a kalafo e matla le matsatsi a 'maloa a phomolo, a lumellang' mele oa motho ho fola, 'me palo ea linako tse lokelang ho etsoa e latela boima ba AML.
E meng ea meriana e atileng ho phekola mofuta ona oa kankere ea mali ke ena:
Cladribine | Etoposid | Decitabine |
Cytarabine | Azacitidine | Mitoxantrone |
Tsebo | Thioguanine | Idarubicin |
Fludarabine | Hydroxyurea | Methotrexate |
Ngaka e kanna ea khothaletsa ts'ebeliso ea li-corticosteroids, joalo ka prednisone kapa dexamethasone, joalo ka karolo ea protocol ea kalafo bakeng sa leukemia e matla ea myeloid. Liphuputso tse ling li ntse li etsoa e le hore ho sebelisoe litlhare tse ncha tse kang capecitabine, lomustine le guadecitabine ho phekola lefu lena.
Ntle le moo, kamora ho hlakoloa ha lefu lena ka chemotherapy, ngaka e ka bonts'a mefuta e mecha ea kalafo, e bitsoang kopanyo, e sebeletsang ho netefatsa hore lisele tsa mofets'e li tlositsoe kaofela 'meleng. Kopano ena e ka etsoa ka chemotherapy e nang le lethal dose e phahameng le phetisetso ea moko oa masapo.
Kalafo ea leukemia e matla ea myeloid e nang le chemotherapy e fokotsa bongata ba lisele tse tšoeu tsa mali maling, e leng lisele tsa 'mele tsa ho itšireletsa,' me motho o na le boits'ireletso bo tlase, a etsa hore a hlaselehe habonolo ke mafu. Ka hona, maemong a mang, motho o hloka ho amoheloa sepetlele nakong ea kalafo mme o hloka ho sebelisa lithibela-mafu, lithibela-mafu le likokoana-hloko ho thibela mafu hore a se ke a hlaha. Leha ho le joalo, ho tloaelehile hore matšoao a mang a hlahe, joalo ka ho lahleheloa ke moriri, ho ruruha ha 'mele le letlalo le nang le matheba. Ithute ka litla-morao tse ling tsa chemotherapy.
2. Radiotherapy
Radiotherapy ke mofuta oa kalafo o sebelisang mochini o ntšang mahlaseli 'meleng ho bolaea lisele tsa mofetše, leha ho le joalo, kalafo ena ha e sebelisoe haholo bakeng sa leukemia e matla ea myeloid mme e sebelisoa feela maemong ao lefu le nametseng ho litho tse ling, joalo ka boko le testis, tse lokelang ho sebelisoa pele ho fetisoa ha 'moko oa masapo kapa ho kokobetsa bohloko ba lesapo le hlasetsoeng ke kankere ea mali.
Pele a qala mananeo a radiotherapy, ngaka e etsa moralo, o sheba litšoantšo tsa computed tomography e le hore sebaka se nepahetseng seo mahlaseli a tlamehang ho fihla ho sona 'meleng se hlalosoang ebe ho etsoa matšoao letlalong, ka pene e itseng, ho bonts'a boemo bo nepahetseng mochineng oa radiotherapy le hore linako tsohle li lula li le sebakeng se tšoailoeng.
Joalo ka chemotherapy, mofuta ona oa kalafo le ona o ka baka litlamorao, joalo ka mokhathala, ho hloka takatso ea lijo, ho nyekeloa ke pelo, 'metso le letlalo le fetoha joalo ka ho chesoa ke letsatsi. Ithute haholoanyane ka tlhokomelo e lokelang ho nkuoa nakong ea radiotherapy.
3. Ho kenyelletsa masapo a masapo
Ho kenyelletsa 'moko oa masapo ke mofuta oa tšelo ea mali e entsoeng ka lisele tsa hematopoietic stem tse nkiloeng ka kotloloho ho mokong oa mofani ea lumellanang, ekaba ka ho buuoa ka mali ho tsoa lethekeng kapa ka apheresis, e leng mochini o arolang lisele tsa methapo ea mali ka catheter mothapong.
Mofuta ona oa ho kenya o atisa ho etsoa kamora ho etsoa litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa chemotherapy kapa radiotherapy lithethefatsi mme ke feela kamora hore lisele tsa mofetše li se ke tsa fumanoa litekong. Ho na le mefuta e 'maloa ea li-transplants, joalo ka autologous le allogeneic, mme sesupo se entsoe ke hematologist ho latela litšobotsi tsa lefu le bohloko la myeloid leukemia. Bona ho eketsehileng ka hore na phetisetso ea moko oa masapo e etsoa joang le mefuta e fapaneng.
4. Phekolo e lebisitsoeng le immunotherapy
Phekolo e lebisitsoeng ke mofuta oa kalafo o sebelisang lithethefatsi tse hlaselang lisele tse kulang ka kankere ea mali ka liphetoho tse itseng tsa lefutso, li baka litla-morao tse fokolang ho feta chemotherapy. E meng ea meriana e sebelisitsoeng ke:
- Li-inhibitors tsa FLT3: e bonts'itsoe bakeng sa batho ba nang le leukemia e matla ea myeloid e nang le phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutsoEA-FT3 'me tse ling tsa lithethefatsi tsena ke midostaurin le gilteritinib, ha li e-so lumelloe ho sebelisoa Brazil;
- Lithibeli tsa HDI: e khothalletsoang ke ngaka hore e sebelisoe ho batho ba nang le kankere ea mali e nang le phetoho ea liphatsa tsa lefutsoIDH1 kapaIDH2, tse thibelang ho butsoa ka nepo ha lisele tsa mali. HDI inhibitors, joalo ka enasidenib le ivosidenib, e ka thusa lisele tsa kankere ea mali ho hola ho ba lisele tse tloaelehileng tsa mali.
Ntle le moo, lithethefatsi tse ling tse sebetsang liphatseng tsa lefutso tse ling le tsona li ntse li sebelisoa e le li-inhibitors tsa lefutso la BCL-2, joalo ka venetoclax, mohlala. Leha ho le joalo, litlhare tse ling tsa sejoale-joale tse thehiloeng ho thusa sesole sa 'mele ho loantša lisele tsa kankere ea mali, tse tsejoang ka hore ke immunotherapy, le tsona li khothalletsoa haholo ke lingaka tsa mali.
Li-antibodies tsa monoclonal ke litlhare tsa immunotherapy tse entsoeng e le liprotheine tsa sesole sa 'mele tse itšebetsang leboteng la lisele tsa AML ebe lia li senya. Meriana ea gemtuzumab ke mofuta ona oa meriana e khothalletsoang haholo ke lingaka ho phekola mofuta ona oa kankere ea mali.
5. Kalafo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ea T-Cell
Phekolo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e sebelisang mokhoa oa Car T-Cell ke khetho ea kalafo bakeng sa batho ba nang le leukemia e matla ea myeloid e nang le ho tlosa lisele ho sesole sa 'mele, tse tsejoang e le lisele tsa T,' meleng oa motho ebe o li romella laboratoring. Ka laboratoring, lisele tsena lia fetoloa ebe ho hlahisoa lintho tse bitsoang li-CAR e le hore li tsebe ho hlasela lisele tsa mofetše.
Ka mor'a ho phekoloa ka laboratoring, lisele tsa T li nkeloa sebaka ke motho ea nang le kankere ea mali e le hore, ha li fetoloa, li senye lisele tse kulang ke kankere. Mofuta ona oa kalafo o ntse o ithutoa mme ha o fumanehe ke SUS. Hlahloba ho eketsehileng ka hore na kalafo ea Car T-Cell e etsoa joang le hore na ho ka phekoloa eng.
Bona hape video ea kamoo u ka fokotsang litlamorao tsa kalafo ea mofets'e: