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Litaba

Tsamaiso ea hau ea methapo ke khokahano e kholo ea puisano ea 'mele oa hau. Hammoho le sistimi ea hau ea endocrine, e laola le ho boloka mesebetsi e fapaneng ea 'mele oa hau. Ntle le moo, e o thusa ho sebelisana le tikoloho ea hau.

Sistimi ea hau ea methapo e entsoe ka marang-rang a methapo le lisele tsa methapo tse tsamaisang melaetsa ho ea le ho tsoa bokong le mokokotlong le 'meleng oohle.

Mothapo ke khoele ea likhoele e amohelang le ho romella melaetsa lipakeng tsa 'mele le boko. Melaetsa e romelloa ke liphetoho tsa lik'hemik'hale le motlakase liseleng, tseo ka botsebi li bitsoang methapo ea kutlo, tse etsang methapo.

Joale, methapo ee e mengata hakae 'meleng oa hau? Le ha ho se motho ea tsebang hantle, ho bolokehile ho re batho ba na le methapo e makholo - le li-neuron tse libilione! - ho tloha kaholimo ho lihlooho tsa menoana ea rona.


Bala pele ho ithuta haholoanyane ka methapo ea kutlo le ea methapo ea kutlo e baloang le e rehiloeng lebitso, hammoho le hore na methapo ea kutlo e entsoe ka eng, le lintlha tse ling tse monate ka sistimi ea hau ea methapo.

Metsing ea 'mele

Mokhatlo oa tsamaiso ea methapo

Tsamaiso ea hau ea methapo e na le likarolo tse peli:

  • Sisteme ea methapo e bohareng (CNS): CNS ke setsi sa litaelo tsa 'mele' me se entsoe ka boko ba hao le lesapo la mokokotlo. Boko bo sirelelitsoe ka har'a lehata ha li-vertebrae tsa hau li sireletsa lesapo la mokokotlo.
  • Sistimi ea methapo ea kutlo (PNS): PNS e entsoe ka methapo e tsoang ho CNS ea hau. Metsing ke mangata a li-axon a sebetsang hammoho ho fetisa lipontšo.

PNS e ka arohanngoa ho feta likarolo tsa kutlo le tsa makoloi:

  • Thekarohano ya kutlo e fetisetsa tlhahisoleseling ho tsoa kahare le kantle ho mmele oa hau ho CNS ea hau. Sena se ka kenyelletsa lintho tse kang maikutlo a bohloko, monko le libaka.
  • Thekarohano ea likoloi e amohela matšoao ho CNS a etsang hore ketso e etsahale. Liketso tsena e ka ba tsa boithatelo, joalo ka ho tsamaisa letsoho, kapa ho ithaopela joalo ka likhoele tsa mesifa tse thusang ho tsamaisa lijo ka tšilo ea lijo.

Metsing ea Cranial

Metsing ea Cranial ke karolo ea PNS ea hau. U na le lipara tse 12 tsa methapo ea kutlo.


Metsing ea cranial e ka ba le ts'ebetso ea kutlo, ts'ebetso ea makoloi, kapa ka bobeli. Ka mohlala:

  • Metsing ea olfactory e na le tšebetso ea kutlo. E fetisetsa tlhahisoleseling ka monko bokong.
  • Metsing ea oculomotor e na le ts'ebetso ea motlakase. E laola metsamao ea mahlo a hau.
  • Metsing ea sefahleho e na le tšebetso ea kutlo le ea makoloi. E fetisa maikutlo a tatso lelemeng la hao hape e laola motsamao oa mesifa e meng e sefahlehong sa hau.

Metsing ea cranial e tsoa bokong ebe e ea kantle hloohong, sefahlehong le molaleng. Mokhelo ho sena ke vagus methapo ea kutlo, e leng methapo ea kutlo ea cranial. E amahanngoa le likarolo tse ngata tsa 'mele ho kenyelletsa' metso, pelo le tšilo ea lijo.

Metsing ea mokokotlo

Metsing ea mokokotlo le eona ke karolo ea PNS ea hau. Ba tsoa mokokotlong oa mokokotlo oa hau. U na le lipara tse 31 tsa methapo ea mokokotlo. Li arotsoe ka sebaka sa mokokotlo tseo li amanang le tsona.

Metsing ea mokokotlo e na le tšebetso ea kutlo le ea makoloi.Seo se bolela hore ka bobeli ba ka romella tlhaiso-leseling e utloahalang ho CNS hape ba fetisetsa litaelo ho tsoa CNS ho potoloha le 'mele oa hau.


Metsing ea mokokotlo e boetse e amahanngoa le dermatomes. Dermatome ke sebaka se itseng sa letlalo se fanoang ke methapo e le 'ngoe ea mokokotlo. Metsing ea hau ea mokokotlo kaofela ha eona e fetisetsa leseli la kutlo ho tsoa sebakeng sena ho khutlela CNS.

Joale methapo e mengata e kopane kaofela?

Ho na le methapo ea kutlo e makholo a 'maloa' meleng oa hau. Metsing e mengata ea kutlo e tlisang kutlo ho tsoa letlalong le litho tsa ka hare lia kopana ho etsa makala a kutlo a methapo ea kutlo le ea mokokotlo.

Likarolo tsa makoloi tsa methapo ea kutlo le methapo ea mokokotlo li arohana ka methapo e menyenyane e arohanang ho ba methapo e menyenyane le ho feta. Ka hona, methapo e le 'ngoe ea mokokotlo kapa ea mokokotlo e ka arohana ho tloha kae kapa kae ho tloha ho 2 ho isa ho 30 methapo ea kutlo.

Ke eng e etsang sele ea methapo?

Li-neuron tsa hau li sebetsa ho tsamaisa litšusumetso tsa methapo. Li na le likarolo tse tharo:

  • 'Mele oa sele: E ts'oana le lisele tse ling tsa 'mele oa hau, sebaka sena se na le likarolo tse fapaneng tsa lisele joalo ka khubu.
  • Barekisi: Dendrites ke lisebelisoa tse tsoang 'meleng oa sele. Ba amohela lipontšo ho tsoa ho li-neuron tse ling. Palo ea li-dendrites ho neuron e ka fapana.
  • Selekane: Axon e boetse e projeke ho tsoa 'meleng oa sele. E tloaetse ho feta li-dendrite mme e tsamaisa lipontšo hole le 'mele oa sele moo e ka amoheloang ke lisele tse ling tsa methapo. Hangata li-axone li koaheloa ke ntho e bitsoang myelin, e thusang ho sireletsa le ho sireletsa axon.

Boko ba hao bo le bong bo na le li-neuron tse ka bang limilione tse likete tse 100 (leha mofuputsi e mong a re palo eo e haufi haholo).

Metsing e etsa eng?

Joale li-neuron li sebetsa hantle joang? Ha re hlahlobeng mofuta o le mong oa lets'oao la neuron ka tlase:

  1. Ha li-neuron li supa neuron e ngoe, tšusumetso ea motlakase e romelloa tlase bolelele ba axon.
  2. Qetellong ea axon, lets'oao la motlakase le fetoloa letšoao la lik'hemik'hale. Sena se lebisa ho lokolloeng ha limolek'hule tse bitsoang li-neurotransmitters.
  3. Li-neurotransmitters li koala lekhalo, le bitsoang synapse, lipakeng tsa axon le li-dendrites tsa neuron e latelang.
  4. Ha li-neurotransmitters li tlama ho li-dendrites tsa neuron e latelang, lets'oao la lik'hemik'hale le boetse le fetoloa letšoao la motlakase mme le tsamaea bolelele ba neuron.

Metsing e entsoe ka mangata a li-axon a sebetsang hammoho ho tsamaisa puisano lipakeng tsa CNS le PNS. Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore "methapo ea kutlo" e hlile e bua ka PNS. Mabokose a Axon a bitsoa "lipampitšana" ho CNS.

Ha methapo e senyehile kapa e sa bontše hantle, ho ka hlaha lefu la methapo. Ho na le mathata a fapaneng a methapo mme a na le lisosa tse fapaneng. Tse ling tseo o ka tloaelanang le tsona li kenyelletsa:

  • sethoathoa
  • lefu la sclerosis
  • Lefu la Parkinson
  • Lefu la Alzheimer

Na bolelele ke ba bohlokoa?

Bolelele ba axon ea neuron bo ka fapana. Tse ling li kanna tsa ba nyane ha tse ling li ka ba teng ho fihlela.

Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, methapo le eona e ka fapana ka boholo. Ha PNS ea hau e tsoa, ​​methapo ea hau e lula e le nyane.

Metsing ea sciatic ke 'meleng oa hau. E qala mokokotlong oa hau mme e tsamaea ho fihlela seretheng sa leoto la hau.

Mohlomong u kile ua utloela ka boemo bo bitsoang sciatica moo ho utloang bohloko ho bohloko ho tsoa mokokotlong oa hao le leotong. Sena se etsahala ha methapo ea sciatic e hatelloa kapa e halefisitsoe.

Lintlha tse monate ka tsamaiso ea methapo

Tsoela pele ho bala ka tlase bakeng sa lintlha tse ling tse monate tse potlakileng mabapi le sistimi ea hau ea methapo.

1. Ho ka lekanyetsoa litšusumetso tsa motlakase tsa methapo

Ebile, nakong ea tšusumetso ea methapo phetoho ea letlooa e etsahala ho pholletsa le lera la axon.

2. Litšusumetso tsa methapo li potlakile

Li ka tsamaea ka lebelo la ho fihlela.

3. Li-neuron ha li arohane ka sele

Seo se bolela hore haeba li senyehile li ke ke tsa nkeloa sebaka. Ke le leng la mabaka a etsang hore likotsi tsamaisong ea methapo li ka ba mpe haholo.

4. Ha e le hantle ha u sebelise karolo ea 10 lekholong feela ea boko ba hao

Boko ba hao bo arotsoe likarolo tse sa tšoaneng, 'me karolo ka' ngoe e na le mesebetsi e sa tšoaneng. Khokahano ea mesebetsi ena e re thusa ho lemoha le ho arabela litšitiso tsa kahare le kantle.

5. Boko ba hao bo sebelisa matla a mangata

Boko ba hao bo boima ba liponto tse ka bang tharo. Sena se senyenyane ha se bapisoa le boima ba 'mele ba hau ka kakaretso, empa ho latela Setsi sa Smithsonian, boko ba hau bo fumana liperesente tse 20 tsa phepelo ea hau ea oksijene le phallo ea mali.

6. Lehata la hao ha se lona feela le sireletsang boko ba hau

Tšitiso e khethehileng e bitsoang mokoallo oa mali le boko e thibela lintho tse kotsi maling ho kena bokong ba hau.

7. U na le bongata ba methapo ea kutlo

Ho tloha ha neurotransmitter ea pele e fumanoa ka 1926, lintho tse fetang 100 li kentsoe letsoho phetisong ea lipontšo lipakeng tsa methapo. Banyalani bao u ka ba tsebang ke dopamine le serotonin.

8. Mekhoa e ka bang teng ea ho lokisa tšenyo ea sistimi ea methapo e fapane

Bafuputsi ba sebetsa ka thata ho hlahisa mekhoa ea ho lokisa tšenyo ea sistimi ea methapo. Mekhoa e meng e ka kenyelletsa empa ha e felle feela ho tlatselletsang lisele tse khothalletsang kholo, lintlha tse itseng tsa kholo, kapa esita le lisele tsa stem ho khothaletsa nchafatso kapa tokiso ea lisele tsa methapo.

9. Ho khothatsa methapo ea kutlo ea botšehali ho ka thusa ka lefu la sethoathoa le khatello ea maikutlo

Sena se phethoa ka ho sebelisa sesebelisoa se romellang matšoao a motlakase ho methapo ea hau ea vagus. Sena le sona se romela melaetsa likarolong tse itseng tsa boko.

Tsosoloso ea methapo ea pelo e ka thusa ho fokotsa palo ea ho oela ho batho ba nang le mefuta e meng ea lefu la sethoathoa. E kanna ea ntlafatsa matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo ka nako ho batho bao khatello ea maikutlo e sa kang ea arabela kalafo tse ling. Ho sebetsa ha eona ho ntse ho hlahlojoa bakeng sa maemo a kang ho opeloa ke hlooho le ramatiki ea ramatiki hape.

10. Ho na le methapo ea kutlo e hokahantsoeng le lisele tsa mafura

Phuputso ea 2015 litoeba li sebelisitse litšoantšo ho bona lisele tsa methapo tse potileng lisele tsa mafura. Bafuputsi ba fumane hore ho hlasimolla methapo ena ho boetse ho hlohlelletsa ho senyeha ha lisele tsa mafura. Ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse ling, empa sena se ka ba le moelelo bakeng sa maemo a kang botenya.

11. Bo-rasaense ba thehile methapo ea kutlo ea maiketsetso

Sisteme e khona ho bokella tlhaiso-leseling ka khatello e sebelisitsoeng mme e e fetole hore e be litšusumetso tsa motlakase tse ka kopanngoang ho transistor.

Transistor ena e ntan'o ntša maikutlo a motlakase ka mekhoa e lumellanang le e hlahisoang ke methapo ea kutlo. Bafuputsi ba bile ba khona ho sebelisa sistimi ena ho tsamaisa mesifa leotong la lephele.

Ntlha ea bohlokoa

U na le methapo e makholo le li-neuron tse limilione tse likete 'meleng oa hau.

Sistimi ea methapo e arotsoe likarolo tse peli - CNS le PNS. CNS e kenyelletsa boko ba hao le mokokotlo oa mokokotlo ha PNS e entsoe ka methapo e tsoang ho CNS le ka lehlakoreng la 'mele oa hau.

Tsamaiso ena e pharaletseng ea methapo e sebetsa hammoho e le khokahano ea puisano. Methapo ea kutlo e isa leseli 'meleng oa hau le tikolohong ea hau ho CNS. Ho sa le joalo, CNS e hokahanya le ho sebetsana le tlhaiso-leseling ena molemong oa ho romella melaetsa ea hore na o arabe joang ka methapo ea motlakase.

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