Lerala la Gram

Litaba

• Sepheo sa Gram ke eng?
• E sebelisetsoa eng?
• Hobaneng ha ke hloka letheba la Gram?
• Ho etsahala'ng nakong ea letheba la Gram?
• Na ke tla hloka ho etsa eng kapa eng ho itokisetsa tlhahlobo?
• Na ho na le likotsi tsa tlhahlobo?
• Liphetho li bolelang?
• Na ho na le eng kapa eng eo ke hlokang ho e tseba ka letheba la Gram?
• Litšupiso

Sepheo sa Gram ke eng?

Letheba la Gram ke teko e lekang libaktheria sebakeng sa ts'oaetso e belaelloang kapa maro a itseng a 'mele, joalo ka mali kapa moroto. Liwebsaete tsena li kenyelletsa 'metso, matšoafo le litho tsa botona le botšehali le maqeba a letlalo.

Ho na le mekhahlelo e 'meli ea mantlha ea tšoaetso ea baktheria: Gram-positive le Gram-negative. Likarolo tsena li fumanoa li ipapisitse le tsela eo libaktheria li itšoarang ka eona ho letheba la Gram. Lebala la Gram le 'mala o pherese. Ha letheba le kopana le libaktheria ka sampole, libaktheria li ka lula li le bopherese kapa tsa ba pinki kapa tsa ba khubelu. Haeba libaktheria li lula li le pherese, li na le Gram-positive. Haeba libaktheria li fetoha pinki kapa khubelu, ha li na gram-negative. Likarolo tse peli li baka mefuta e fapaneng ea tšoaetso:

• Ts'oaetso ea Gram-positive e kenyelletsa Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) e hanyetsanang le methicillin, tšoaetso ea strep le ts'oaetso e chefo.
• Ts'oaetso ea gram-negative e kenyelletsa salmonella, pneumonia, tšoaetso ea mosese le gonorrhea.

Ho ka sebelisoa letheba la Gram ho hlahloba mafu a fungal.

Mabitso a mang: Letheba la Gram

E sebelisetsoa eng?

Hangata ho sebelisoa letheba la Gram ho fumana hore na o na le tšoaetso ea baktheria. Haeba u etsa joalo, tlhahlobo e tla bonts'a haeba ts'oaetso ea hau e na le Gram-positive kapa ha e na Gram.

Hobaneng ha ke hloka letheba la Gram?

U kanna ua hloka tlhahlobo ena haeba u na le matšoao a tšoaetso ea baktheria. Bohloko, feberu le mokhathala ke matšoao a tloaelehileng a tšoaetso e ngata ea baktheria. Matšoao a mang a tla latela mofuta oa ts'oaetso eo u nang le eona le hore na e hokae 'meleng.

Ho etsahala'ng nakong ea letheba la Gram?

Mofani oa hao oa tlhokomelo ea bophelo o tla hloka ho nka sampole sebakeng sa ts'oaetso e belaelloang kapa maro a itseng a 'mele, ho latela hore na o na le ts'oaetso ea mofuta ofe. Mefuta e tloaelehileng ka ho fetisisa ea liteko tsa Gram stain e thathamisitsoe ka tlase.

Sampole ea maqeba:

• Mofani oa thepa o tla sebelisa swab e khethehileng ho lata sampole sebakeng sa leqeba la hau.

Teko ea mali:

• Mofani oa thepa o tla nka sampole ea mali mothapong o letsohong la hao.

Teko ea moroto:

• O tla fana ka sampole e nyopa ea moroto ka senoelong, joalo ka ha ho laetsoe ke mofani oa tlhokomelo ea bophelo.

Setso sa 'metso:

• Mofani oa hao oa tlhokomelo ea bophelo o tla kenya swab e khethehileng molomong oa hao ho nka sampole ho tsoa mokokotlong oa 'metso le lithane.

Tloaelo ea sekhohlela. Sekgohlola ke mameno a teteaneng a kgohlang hotswa matshwafong. E fapane le mathe kapa mathe.

• Mofani oa hao oa tlhokomelo ea bophelo o tla u kopa ho khohlela sekhohlela ka senoelong se khethehileng, kapa swab e khethehileng e ka sebelisoa ho nka sampole nko ea hao.

Na ke tla hloka ho etsa eng kapa eng ho itokisetsa tlhahlobo?

Ha o hloke litokisetso tse khethehileng bakeng sa letheba la Gram.

Na ho na le likotsi tsa tlhahlobo?

Ha ho na kotsi ea ho etsa tlhahlobo ea swab, sekhohlela kapa moroto.

Ho na le kotsi e nyane haholo ea ho etsa tlhahlobo ea mali. U kanna oa ba le mahlaba a fokolang kapa ho longoa moo nale e kentsoeng teng, empa matšoao a mangata a fela kapele.

Liphetho li bolelang?

Mohlala oa hau o tla beoa setulong ebe o phekoloa ka letheba la Gram. Setsebi sa laboratori se tla hlahloba slide ka microscope. Haeba ho se na libaktheria tse fumanoeng, ho bolela hore mohlomong ha u na tšoaetso ea baktheria kapa ho ne ho se na libaktheria tse lekaneng sampoleng.

Haeba libaktheria li fumanoe, li tla ba le litšobotsi tse itseng tse ka fanang ka leseli la bohlokoa ka ts'oaetso ea hau:

• Haeba libaktheria li ne li mebala e pherese, ho bolela hore o kanna oa ba le tšoaetso ea Gram-positive.
• Haeba libaktheria li ne li le 'mala o pinki kapa o mofubelu, ho bolela hore o kanna oa ba le tšoaetso ea Gram-negative.

Liphetho tsa hau li tla kenyelletsa tlhaiso-leseling ka sebopeho sa libaktheria sampoleng ea hau. Boholo ba libaktheria li pota-potile (tse tsejoang e le cocci) kapa tse bopehileng joaloka molamu (tse tsejoang e le bacilli). Sebopeho se ka fana ka tlhaiso-leseling e batsi ka mofuta oa ts'oaetso eo u nang le eona.

Le ha liphetho tsa hau li kanna tsa se khetholle mofuta o nepahetseng oa libaktheria sampoleng ea hau, li ka thusa mofani oa hau ho atamela ho fumana se bakang bokuli ba hau le hore na ba ka bo phekola joang. U kanna ua hloka liteko tse ling, joalo ka setso sa libaktheria, ho netefatsa hore na ke libaktheria tsa mofuta ofe.

Litholoana tsa gram li ka boela tsa bontša hore na u na le tšoaetso ea fungal. Liphetho li ka bonts'a mofuta oa tšoaetso ea fungal eo u nang le eona: tomoso kapa hlobo. Empa o kanna oa hloka liteko tse ling ho fumana hore na o na le ts'oaetso efe ea fungal.

Haeba u na le lipotso mabapi le liphetho tsa hau, bua le mofani oa tlhokomelo ea bophelo.

Ithute haholoanyane ka liteko tsa laboratori, libaka tsa litšupiso, le liphetho tsa kutloisiso.

Na ho na le eng kapa eng eo ke hlokang ho e tseba ka letheba la Gram?

Haeba u fumanoa u na le tšoaetso ea baktheria, mohlomong u tla fuoa likokoana-hloko. Ho bohlokoa ho noa moriana oa hau kamoo o laetsoeng, leha matšoao a hau a le bobebe. Sena se ka thibela ts'oaetso ea hau ho mpefala le ho baka mathata a tebileng.

Litšupiso

1. Liteko tsa Lab Marang-rang [Inthaneteng]. Washington DC: Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Clinical Chemistry; c2001--2020. Tloaelo ea maqeba a baktheria; [e ntlafalitsoeng 2020 Feb 19; e qotsitsoeng ka la 2020 Mmesa 6]; [li-skrini tse ka bang 2]. E fumaneha ho tsoa ho: https://labtestsonline.org/tests/bacterial-wound-culture
2. Liteko tsa Lab Marang-rang [Inthaneteng]. Washington DC: Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Clinical Chemistry; c2001--2020. Letheba la Gram; [e ntlafalitsoeng 2019 Dec 4; e qotsitsoeng ka la 2020 Mmesa 6]; [li-skrini tse ka bang 2]. E fumaneha ho tsoa ho: https://labtestsonline.org/tests/gram-stain
3. Liteko tsa Lab Marang-rang [Inthaneteng]. Washington DC: Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Clinical Chemistry; c2001--2020. Setso sa sekhohlela, Baktheria; [e nchafalitsoeng 2020 Jan 14; e qotsitsoeng ka la 2020 Mmesa 6]; [li-skrini tse ka bang 2]. E fumaneha ho tsoa ho: https://labtestsonline.org/tests/sputum-culture-bacterial
4. Liteko tsa Lab Marang-rang [Inthaneteng]. Washington DC: Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Clinical Chemistry; c2001--2020. Teko ea 'metso ea Strep; [e nchafalitsoeng 2020 Jan 14; e qotsitsoeng ka la 2020 Mmesa 6]; [li-skrini tse ka bang 2]. E fumaneha ho tsoa ho: https://labtestsonline.org/tests/strep-throat-test
5. Liteko tsa Lab Marang-rang [Inthaneteng]. Washington DC: Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Clinical Chemistry; c2001--2020. Tloaelo ea moroto; [e ntlafalitsoeng ka la 2020 Phato 31; e qotsitsoeng ka la 2020 Mmesa 6]; [li-skrini tse ka bang 2]. E fumaneha ho tsoa ho: https://labtestsonline.org/tests/urine-culture
6. Phetolelo ea Merck Manual Consumer [Inthanete]. Kenilworth (NJ): Merck & Co., Inc .; c2020. Tlhahlobo ea Mafu a tšoaetsanoang; [e ntlafalitsoeng 2018 Aug; e qotsitsoeng ka la 2020 Mmesa 6]; [li-skrini tse ka bang 2]. E fumaneha ho tsoa ho: https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/diagnosis-of-infectious-disease/diagnosis-of-infectious-disease
7. Phetolelo ea Merck Manual Consumer [Inthanete]. Kenilworth (NJ): Merck & Co., Inc .; c2020. Kakaretso ea baktheria ea Gram-Negative; [e ntlafalitsoeng 2020 Feb; e qotsitsoeng ka la 2020 Mmesa 6]; [li-skrini tse ka bang 2]. E fumaneha ho tsoa ho: https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-negative-bacteria/overview-of-gram-negative-bacteria
8. Phetolelo ea Merck Manual Consumer [Inthanete]. Kenilworth (NJ): Merck & Co., Inc .; c2020. Kakaretso ea Baktheria ea Gram-Positive; [e ntlafalitsoeng 2019 Jun; e qotsitsoeng ka la 2020 Mmesa 6]; [li-skrini tse ka bang 2]. E fumaneha ho tsoa ho: https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/overview-of-gram-positive-bacteria
9. Lisebelisoa tsa thuto ea bophelo ba likokoana-hloko [Inthanete]. Setsi sa Lisebelisoa tsa Thuto ea Saense; Ho silafatsa Gram [e ntlafalitsoeng 2016 Nov 3; e qotsitsoeng ka la 2020 Mmesa 6]; [hoo e ka bang li-skrini tse 4]. E fumaneha ho tsoa ho: https://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/research_methods/microscopy/gramstain.html
10. National Heart, Lung, le Setsi sa Mali [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): Lefapha la Bophelo le Litšebeletso tsa Botho la U.S. Liteko tsa Mali; [e qotsitsoeng ka la 2020 Mmesa 6]; [li-skrini tse ka bang 3]. E fumaneha ho tsoa ho: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/blood-tests
11. O’Toole GA. Ponahalo ea khale: Kamoo Gram Stain e Sebetsang Kateng. J Bacteriol [Inthanete]. 2016 Dec 1 [e qotsitsoeng ka 2020 Mmesa 6]; 198 (23): 3128. E fumaneha ho tsoa ho: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5105892
12. Bophelo ba UF: Univesithi ea Florida Health [Marang-rang]. Gainesville (FL): Univesithi ea Florida Health; c2020. Letheba la Gram: Kakaretso; [e ntlafalitsoeng ka la 2020 Mmesa 6; e qotsitsoeng ka la 2020 Mmesa 6]; [li-skrini tse ka bang 2]. E fumaneha ho tsoa ho: https://ufhealth.org/gram-stain
13. Setsi sa Bongaka sa Rochester [Internet]. Rochester (NY): Setsi sa Bongaka sa Univesithi ea Rochester; c2020. Health Encyclopedia: Letheba la Gram; [e qotsitsoeng ka la 2020 Mmesa 6]; [li-skrini tse ka bang 2]. E fumaneha ho tsoa ho: https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=167&contentid=gram_stain
14. Bophelo bo botle haholo [Inthanete]. New York: Hoo e ka bang, Inc .; c2020. Kakaretso ea Mafu a Baktheria; [e nchafalitsoeng 2020 Feb 26; e qotsitsoeng ka la 2020 Mmesa 6]; [li-skrini tse ka bang 3]. E fumaneha ho tsoa ho: https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-a-bacterial-infection-770565
15. Bophelo bo botle haholo [Inthanete]. New York: Hoo e ka bang, Inc .; c2020. Tsamaiso ea Gram Stain ho Lipatlisiso le Labs; [e nchafalitsoeng 2020 Jan 12; e qotsitsoeng ka la 2020 Mmesa 6]; [li-skrini tse ka bang 3]. E fumaneha ho tsoa ho: https://www.verywellhealth.com/information-about-gram-stain-1958832

Tlhahisoleseling e fumanehang sebakeng sena sa marang-rang ha ea lokela ho sebelisoa ho nka sebaka sa tlhokomelo ea bongaka le likeletso. Ikopanye le mofani oa tlhokomelo ea bophelo haeba u na le lipotso ka bophelo ba hau.