HIV / AIDS

Lefu la tšoaetso ea 'mele ea motho (HIV) ke lona le bakang AIDS. Ha motho a tšoaetsoa ke HIV, vaerase e hlasela le ho fokolisa sesole sa 'mele. Ha sesole sa 'mele se ntse se fokola, motho o kotsing ea ho fumana mafu le likankere tse sokelang bophelo. Ha seo se etsahala, bokuli bo bitsoa AIDS. Hang ha motho a na le vaerase, e lula kahare ho mmele bophelo bohle.

Kokoana-hloko e hasana motho ka mong ka maro a itseng a 'mele:

• Mali
• Peo ea botona le mokelikeli pele ho semela
• Maro a mokokotlo
• Maro a tsoang ka botšehaling
• Lebese la matsoele

HIV e ka fetisoa haeba maro ana a kopana le:

• Lera la molomo (kahare ho molomo, botona, botshehadi, rectum)
• Lisele tse senyehileng (lisele tse khaotsoeng kapa tse hlakotsoeng)
• Ente ka phallo ea mali

HIV e ke ke ea fetisoa ka mofufutso, mathe kapa moroto.

United States, HIV e hasana haholo:

• Ka thobalano ea ka botšehaling kapa ka morao le motho ea nang le HIV a sa sebelise khohlopo kapa a sa noe meriana ho thibela kapa ho alafa HIV
• Ka ho arolelana nale kapa lisebelisoa tse ling tse sebelisetsoang ho enta lithethefatsi le motho ea nang le HIV

Hangata HIV e fetisoa:

• Ho tloha ho mme ho isa ho ngoana. Mokhachane a ka fetisetsa vaerase ea hae vaerase ka phallo ea mali eo ba e arolelaneng, kapa mme ea anyesang a ka e fetisetsa leseeng la hae ka lebese la hae. Ho etsa liteko le kalafo ea bo-mme ba nang le HIV ho thusitse ho theola palo ea masea a fumanang HIV.
• Ka lithupa tsa nale kapa lintho tse ling tse bohale tse silafalitsoeng ke HIV (haholo-holo basebetsi ba tlhokomelo ea bophelo).

Baerase ha e jalehe ka:

• Ho ikopanya le batho ba bang ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng, joalo ka ho kopa kapa ho suna molomo
• Monoang kapa liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng
• Ho nka karolo lipapaling
• Ho ama lintho tse amang motho ea tšoaelitsoeng ke vaerase
• Ho ja lijo tse tšoaroang ke motho ea nang le tšoaetso ea HIV

Monehelo oa HIV le mali kapa setho:

• HIV ha e fetisetsoe ho motho ea fanang ka mali kapa litho. Batho ba fanang ka litho tsa 'mele ha ba kopane ka kotloloho le batho ba li fumanang. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, motho ea fanang ka mali ha a kopane le motho ea e fuoang. Mekhoeng ena kaofela, ho sebelisoa linalete tse hlatsoang le lisebelisoa.
• Le ha e le ka seoelo, nakong e fetileng HIV e fetiselitsoe ho motho ea amohelang mali kapa litho tsa 'mele ho mofani ea tšoaelitsoeng. Leha ho le joalo, kotsi ena e nyane haholo hobane libanka tsa mali le mananeo a bafani ba litho tsa 'mele a lekola bafani, mali le lisele ka hloko.

Lisosa tse kotsi tsa ho fumana HIV li kenyelletsa:

• Ho ba le thobalano e sa sireletsehang ea ka morao kapa ka botšehaling. Ho amohela thobalano ea ka morao ho kotsi haholo. Ho ba le balekane ba bangata ho eketsa kotsi. Ho sebelisa khohlopo e ncha ka nepo nako le nako ha u etsa thobalano ho thusa haholo ho theola kotsi ena.
• Ho sebelisa lithethefatsi le ho arolelana linalete kapa lisirinji.
• Ho ba le molekane oa thobalano le HIV ea sa sebeliseng meriana ea HIV.
• Ho ba le lefu le tšoaetsanoang ka thobalano.

Matšoao a amanang le tšoaetso e matla ea HIV (ha motho a tšoaelitsoe ka lekhetlo la pele) a ka tšoana le feberu kapa mafu a mang a vaerase. Li kenyeletsa:

• Lefu la feberu le mesifa
• Ho opeloa ke hlooho
• Metso o bohloko
• Mofufutso oa bosiu
• Liso tsa molomo, ho kenyelletsa le tšoaetso ea tomoso (thrush)
• Ho ruruha litšoelesa tsa lymph
• Letšollo

Batho ba bangata ha ba na matšoao ha ba qala ho tšoaetsoa HIV.

Tšoaetso e matla ea HIV e tsoela pele ho feta libeke tse 'maloa ho isa ho likhoeli ho ba tšoaetso ea HIV (e se nang matšoao). Sethala sena se ka nka lilemo tse 10 kapa ho feta. Nakong ena, motho a kanna a se na lebaka la ho belaela hore o na le HIV, empa a ka fetisetsa vaerase ho ba bang.

Haeba ba sa phekoloe, e ka ba batho bohle ba nang le tšoaetso ea HIV ba tla ba le AIDS. Batho ba bang ba ba le AIDS nakong ea lilemo tse 'maloa ba tšoaelitsoe. Ba bang ba lula ba phetse hantle kamora lilemo tse 10 kapa tse 20 (tse bitsoang li-nonprogressor tsa nako e telele).

Batho ba nang le AIDS masole a 'mele a bona a sentsoe ke HIV. Ba kotsing e kholo ea ho fumana tšoaetso e sa tloaelehang ho batho ba nang le boits'ireletso ba mmele bo phetseng hantle. Ts'oaetso tsena li bitsoa mafu a nkang monyetla. Tsena li ka bakoa ke libaktheria, livaerase, li-fungus kapa protozoa, 'me li ka ama karolo efe kapa efe ea' mele. Batho ba nang le AIDS le bona ba kotsing e kholo ea mofetše o itseng, haholo-holo li-lymphomas le mofetše oa letlalo o bitsoang Kaposi sarcoma.

Matšoao a ipapisitse le ts'oaetso e itseng le hore na ke karolo efe ea 'mele e tšoaelitsoeng. Ho tšoaetsoa ke mafu ho tloaelehile ho AIDS 'me hangata ho baka ho khohlela, feberu le ho hema hanyane. Ts'oaetso ea mala le eona e atile mme e ka baka lets'ollo, bohloko ba mpeng, ho hlatsa kapa ho metsa. Ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele, feberu, ho fufuleloa, ho qhoma le ho ruruha litšoelesa tsa' mele ho tloaelehile bathong ba nang le tšoaetso ea HIV le AIDS.

Ho na le liteko tse etsoang ho hlahloba hore na o tšoaelitsoe ke vaerase.

LITEKO TS'ELISO

Ka kakaretso, liteko ke mohato oa mehato e 2:

• Teko ea ho hlahloba - Ho na le mefuta ea liteko. Tse ling ke liteko tsa mali, tse ling ke liteko tsa metsi a molomo. Ba hlahloba li-antibodies tsa kokoana-hloko ea HIV, antigen ea HIV, kapa ka bobeli. Liteko tse ling tsa ho hlahloba li ka fana ka sephetho ka metsotso e 30 kapa ka tlase.
• Teko ea ho latela - Sena se boetse se bitsoa teko ea netefatso. Hangata ho etsoa ha tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea 'mele e le ntle.

Liteko tsa lapeng li teng bakeng sa ho etsa liteko tsa HIV. Haeba u rera ho e sebelisa, hlahloba ho netefatsa hore e amoheloa ke FDA. Latela litaelo tse pakiloeng ho netefatsa hore liphetho li nepahetse kamoo ho ka khonehang.

Litsi tsa Tlhokomelo le Thibelo ea Mafu (CDC) li khothaletsa hore motho e mong le e mong ea lilemo li 15 ho isa ho 65 a be le tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea HIV. Batho ba nang le boits'oaro bo kotsi ba lokela ho hlahlojoa khafetsa. Bakhachane le bona ba lokela ho etsa tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo.

LITEKO KA MOR'A HO HLAHLOOA KA HIV

Batho ba nang le AIDS hangata ba etsa liteko tsa mali khafetsa ho lekola palo ea lisele tsa CD4 ea bona:

• Lisele tsa CD4 T ke lisele tsa mali tse hlasetsoeng ke HIV. Li boetse li bitsoa lisele tsa T4 kapa "lisele tsa T tsa bathusi."
• Ha HIV e senya sesole sa 'mele, palo ea CD4 ea theoha. Palo e tloaelehileng ea CD4 e tsoa liseleng tse 500 ho isa ho 1,500 / mm³ ea mali.
• Hangata batho ba ba le matšoao ha palo ea bona ea CD4 e theohela ka tlase ho 350. Mathata a tebileng a etsahala ha palo ea CD4 e theohela ho 200. Ha palo e le ka tlase ho 200, ho thoe motho o na le AIDS.

Liteko tse ling li kenyelletsa:

• Boemo ba HIV RNA, kapa bongata ba vaerase, ho lekola hore na HIV e maling hakae
• Teko ea ho itoanela ho bona hore na vaerase e na le liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso tse ka lebisang ho haneleng meriana e sebelisetsoang ho phekola HIV
• Palo e felletseng ea mali, k'hemistri ea mali, le tlhahlobo ea moroto
• Liteko tsa mafu a mang a tšoaetsanoang ka thobalano
• Teko ea lefuba
• Pap smear ho hlahloba mofetše oa popelo
• Anal Pap smear ho hlahloba mofetše oa anus

HIV / AIDS e alafshoa ka litlhare tse emisang vaerase ho ata. Kalafo ena e bitsoa antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Nakong e fetileng, batho ba nang le tšoaetso ea HIV ba ne ba tla qala kalafo ea li-antiretroviral kamora hore palo ea bona ea CD4 e theohe kapa ba be le mathata a HIV. Kajeno, kalafo ea HIV e khothaletsoa ho batho bohle ba nang le ts'oaetso ea HIV, leha CD4 count ea bona e ntse e le tloaelehileng.

Ho hlokahala liteko tsa mali khafetsa ho netefatsa hore boemo ba vaerase maling (bongata ba vaerase) bo lula bo le tlase kapa bo hatelloa. Morero oa kalafo ke ho theola vaerase ea HIV maling ho isa boemong bo tlase hoo teko e ke keng ea e fumana. Sena se bitsoa boima ba vaerase bo sa bonahaleng.

Haeba palo ea CD4 e se e theohile pele kalafo e qala, hangata e tla nyoloha butle. Mathata a HIV hangata a nyamela ha sesole sa 'mele se hlaphoheloa.

Ho kenella sehlopheng sa ts'ehetso moo litho li arolelanang liphihlelo tse tloaelehileng le mathata hangata ho ka thusa ho theola khatello ea maikutlo ea ho ba le bokuli ba nako e telele.

Ka kalafo, batho ba bangata ba nang le HIV / AIDS ba ka phela bophelo bo botle le bo tloaelehileng.

Kalafo ea hajoale ha e phekole tšoaetso. Meriana e sebetsa feela ha feela e nkuoa letsatsi le leng le le leng. Haeba meriana e emisoa, bongata ba vaerase bo tla nyoloha mme palo ea CD4 e tla theoha. Haeba meriana e sa nooe khafetsa, vaerase e ka ba manganga ho e le 'ngoe kapa ho feta ea meriana, mme kalafo e tla emisa ho sebetsa.

Batho ba leng kalafong ba hloka ho bona bafani ba bona ba tlhokomelo ea bophelo khafetsa. Sena ke ho etsa bonnete ba hore meriana ea sebetsa le ho hlahloba litla-morao tsa meriana.

Bitsa tumellano ea kopano le mofani oa litšebeletso haeba u na le mabaka a kotsi a tšoaetso ea HIV. Ikopanye le mofani oa litšebeletso haeba u ba le matšoao a AIDS. Ho ea ka molao, liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ea HIV li tlameha ho bolokoa e le lekunutu (lekunutu). Mofani oa hau o tla lekola liphetho tsa hau tsa liteko le uena.

Ho thibela HIV / AIDS:

• Etsa tlhahlobo. Batho ba sa tsebeng hore ba na le tšoaetso ea HIV 'me ba shebahala ba bile ba ikutloa ba phetse hantle ke bona ba nang le monyetla oa ho e fetisetsa ho ba bang.
• U SE KE UA sebelisa lithethefatsi tse seng molaong 'me le se ke la arolelana linalete kapa lisinge. Metse e mengata e na le mananeo a phapanyetsano ea linalete moo o ka felisang li-syringe tse sebelisitsoeng mme o fumana tse ncha, tse sa hloekang. Basebetsi mananeong ana le bona ba ka u romella kalafo ea bokhoba ba tahi.
• Qoba ho kopana le mali a motho e mong. Haeba ho khonahala, roala liaparo tse sireletsang, mask le likuloana ha u hlokomela batho ba tsoileng likotsi.
• Haeba u fumana hore u na le tšoaetso ea HIV, u ka fetisetsa vaerase ho ba bang. Ha ua lokela ho fana ka mali, lero la mali, litho tsa 'mele, kapa peo.
• Basali ba nang le tšoaetso ea HIV ba ka emang ba lokela ho bua le mofani oa bona ka kotsi e ka hlahelang ngoana oa bona ea e-song ho hlahe. Hape ba lokela ho buisana ka mekhoa ea ho thibela lesea la bona ho tšoaetsoa, ​​joalo ka ho noa meriana ea li-antiretroviral nakong ea bokhachane.
• Ho nyantša ho lokela ho qojoa ho thibela ho fetisetsa HIV ho masea ka lebese la matsoele.

Mekhoa e sireletsehileng ea thobalano, joalo ka ho sebelisa likhohlopo tsa latex, ea sebetsa ho thibela ho ata ha HIV. Empa ho ntse ho na le kotsi ea ho fumana tšoaetso, leha ho sebelisoa khohlopo (mohlala, likhohlopo li ka tabola).

Ho batho ba sa tšoaetsoang ke vaerase, empa ba le kotsing e kholo ea ho e fumana, ho noa moriana o kang Truvada (emtricitabine le tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) kapa Descovy (emtricitabine le tenofovir alafenamide) ho ka thusa ho thibela tšoaetso. Kalafo ena e tsejoa e le pre-exposure prophylaxis, kapa PrEP. Bua le mofani oa hau haeba u nahana hore PrEP e ka u nepela.

Batho ba nang le tšoaetso ea HIV ba noang meriana ea li-antiretroviral mme ba se na vaerase maling a bona ha ba fetise vaerase.

Phepelo ea mali ea Amerika ke e 'ngoe ea tse sireletsehileng ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng. Hoo e batlang e le batho bohle ba tšoaelitsoeng HIV ka litšelo tsa mali ba ile ba amohela litšelo tseo pele ho 1985, selemo seo tlhahlobo ea HIV e qalileng bakeng sa mali ohle a fanoeng.

Haeba u lumela hore u pepeselitsoe HIV, batla thuso ea bongaka hang-hang. O SE KE WA dieha. Ho qala meriana ea likokoana-hloko hang kamora ho pepesetsoa (ho fihlela matsatsi a 3 kamora moo) ho ka fokotsa monyetla oa hore o tšoaetsoe. Sena se bitsoa post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). E sebeliselitsoe ho thibela phetisetso ho basebeletsi ba bophelo bo botle ba lemetseng ke lithupa tsa nale.

Tšoaetso ea HIV; Tšoaetso - HIV; Kokoana-hloko ea 'mele ea motho; Ho ba le lefu la bofokoli ba ho itšireletsa mafung: HIV-1

• Phepo e nepahetseng - mathata a ho laola ngoana
• Gastrostomy e fepa tube - bolus
• Jejunostomy tube ea ho fepa
• Molomo oa mucositis - ho itlhokomela

• Li-STD le li-niches tsa tikoloho
• HIV
• Tšoaetso ea mantlha ea HIV
• Sekhomaretsi se bohloko (aphthous ulcer)
• Mycobacterium marinum tšoaetso letsohong
• Dermatitis - seborrheic sefahlehong
• AIDS
• Kaposi sarcoma - haufi-ufi
• Histoplasmosis, e phatlalalitsoeng ho mokuli oa HIV
• Molluscum sefubeng
• Kaposi sarcoma ka mokokotlong
• Sarcoma ea Kaposi seropeng
• Molluscum contagiosum sefahlehong
• Masole a mmele
• Lefuba matšoafong
• Kaposi sarcoma - leqeba leoto
• Kaposi sarcoma - perianal
• Herpes zoster (shingles) e phatlalalitsoe
• Dermatitis seborrheic - haufi-ufi

Litsi tsa Taolo le Thibelo ea Maloetse. Mabapi le HIV / AIDS. www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html. E hlahlobisitsoe ka la 3 November, 2020. E fihlile ka la 11 Pulungoana.

Litsi tsa Taolo le Thibelo ea Maloetse. PrEP. www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/prep.html. E hlahlobisitsoe ka la 3 Pulungoana, 2020. E fihlile ka la 15 Mmesa, 2019. DiNenno EA, Prejean J, Irwin K, et al. Litlhahiso tsa tlhahlobo ea HIV ea batho ba ratanang le ba bong bo fapaneng le banna ba bang ba etsang thobalano le banna - United States, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017; 66 (31): 830-832. www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6631a3.htm.

Gulick RM. Phekolo ea li-antiretroviral ea vaerase ea ho itšireletsa mafung le ho fumana lefu la ho itšireletsa mafung. Ka: Goldman L, Schafer AI, li-eds. Phekolo ea Goldman-Cecil. La 26th. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: khaolo ea 364.

Moyer VA; Sesole sa Ts'ireletso sa US. Ho lekola HIV: Polelo ea khothaletso ea Sesole sa Ts'ireletso ea US. Ann Intern Med. 2013; 159 (1): 51-60. PMID: 23698354 e fetotsoe.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23698354/.

Reitz MS, Gallo RC. Likokoana-hloko tsa motho ho itšireletsa mafung. Ka: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, bahlophisi. Mandell, Douglas, le Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. La 9th. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: khaolo ea 169.

Simonetti F, Dewar R, Maldarelli F. Ho fumana tšoaetso ea ts'oaetso ea vaerase ea ho itšireletsa mafung. Ka: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, bahlophisi. Mandell, Douglas, le Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. La 9th. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: khaolo ea 120.

Lefapha la Bophelo le Litšebeletso tsa Botho la US, webosaete ea Clinical Info.gov. Tataiso ea ts'ebeliso ea li-antiretroviral ho batho ba baholo le bacha ba phelang le HIV. clinicinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/adult-and-adolescent-arv/whats-new-guidelines?view=full. E ntlafalitsoe ka Phupu 10, 2019. E fihlile ka la 11 Pulungoana.

Tlhahiso ea Verma A, Berger JR. Pontšo ea methapo ea tšoaetso ea tšoaetso ea "immunodeficiency virus" ho batho ba baholo. Ka: Daroff RB, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, bahlophisi. Neurology ea Bradley ho Tloaelo ea Bongaka. La 7th. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: khaolo ea 77.