Tekolo e tloaelehileng ea mahlo

Tlhahlobo e tloaelehileng ea mahlo ke letoto la liteko tse entsoeng ho lekola pono ea hau le bophelo bo botle ba mahlo a hau.

Pele, o tla botsoa hore na o na le mathata a mahlo kapa a pono. O tla kopuoa ho hlalosa mathata ana, hore na o bile le ona halelele hakae, le mabaka afe kapa afe a entseng hore a be betere kapa a mpefale.

Nalane ea hau ea likhalase kapa lilense tsa puisano le eona e tla hlahlojoa. Ngaka ea mahlo e tla botsa ka bophelo ba hau ka kakaretso, ho kenyeletsoa meriana eo u e nkang le nalane ea bongaka ea lelapa la hau.

Ka mor'a moo, ngaka e tla lekola pono ea hau (pono e hlakileng) e sebelisa chate ea Snellen.

• O tla kopuoa ho bala mangolo a sa fetoheng a fetohang mola o monyane ha o ntse o shebile chate. Li-charts tse ling tsa Snellen ehlile ke li-video tse lekang ho bontša mangolo kapa litšoantšo.
• Ho bona hore na o hloka likhalase, ngaka e tla beha lilense tse 'maloa ka pel'a leihlo,' me eu botse hore na litlhaku tse chate ea Snellen li ba bonolo ho li bona neng. Sena se bitsoa refraction.

Likarolo tse ling tsa tlhatlhobo li kenyelletsa liteko ho:

• Bona hore na o na le pono e nepahetseng ea mahlakore a mararo (3D) pono (stereopsis).
• Lekola pono ea hau ea lehlakore (pheripheral).
• Lekola mesifa ea mahlo ka ho u kopa ho sheba ka nqa e fapaneng poneng kapa nthong e ngoe e nyane.
• Lekola barutoana ka pene ho bona hore na ba arabela hantle kapa che (leseli) hantle.
• Hangata, o tla fuoa marotholi a mahlo ho bula (ho hlapolla) barutoana ba hau. Sena se lumella ngaka ho sebelisa sesebelisoa se bitsoang ophthalmoscope ho sheba likarolo tse ka morao ea leihlo. Sebaka sena se bitsoa fundus. E kenyelletsa retina le methapo ea mali e haufi le methapo ea mahlo.

Sesebelisoa se seng se hodisang, se bitsoang lebone la ho khaola, se sebelisetsoa ho:

• Sheba likarolo tse ka pele tsa leihlo (likopi, cornea, conjunctiva, sclera le iris)
• Hlahloba khatello e eketsehileng ka leihlong (glaucoma) u sebelisa mokhoa o bitsoang tonometry

Bofofu ba mmala bo lekoa ho sebelisoa likarete tse nang le matheba a mebala a etsang linomoro.

Etsa kopano le ngaka ea mahlo (ba bang ba nka bakuli ba tsamaeang). Qoba khatello ea mahlo ka letsatsi la tlhahlobo. Haeba u roala likhalase kapa mabitso, u tle le tsona. U kanna ua hloka motho ea u khannelang hae haeba ngaka e sebelisa marotholi a mahlo ho holisa barutoana ba hau.

Liteko li baka bohloko kapa pherekano.

Bana bohle ba lokela ho ba le tlhahlobo ea pono ofising ea ngaka ea bana kapa ea malapa ho pholletsa le nako eo ba ithutang alfabeta ka eona, ebe kamora lilemo tse 1 ho isa ho tse peli kamora moo. Ho hlahlojoa ho lokela ho qala kapele haeba ho belaelloa hore ho na le mathata a mahlo.

Pakeng tsa lilemo tse 20 le 39:

• Tlhahlobo e felletseng ea mahlo e lokela ho etsoa lilemo tse ling le tse ling tse 5 ho isa ho tse 10
• Batho ba baholo ba apereng lilense tsa puisano ba hloka tlhahlobo ea mahlo ea selemo le selemo
• Matšoao a mang a mahlo kapa mathata a ka 'na a hloka liteko tse ngata khafetsa

Batho ba baholo ba fetang lilemo tse 40 ba se nang mabaka a kotsi kapa maemo a mahlo a tsoelang pele ba lokela ho hlahlojoa:

• Lilemo tse ling le tse ling tse peli ho isa ho tse 4 bakeng sa batho ba baholo ba lilemo li 40 ho isa ho tse 54
• Lilemong tse 1 ho isa ho tse 3 bakeng sa batho ba baholo ba lilemo li 55 ho isa ho 64
• Nako e ngoe le e ngoe ho isa ho e 2 bakeng sa batho ba baholo ba lilemo li 65 le ho feta

Ho latela maemo a kotsi a mafu a mahlo le matšoao a hau a hona joale kapa maloetse, ngaka ea hau ea mahlo e kanna ea u khothaletsa hore u be le litlhahlobo khafetsa.

Mathata a mahlo le a bongaka a ka fumanoang ka tlhahlobo e tloaelehileng ea mahlo a kenyelletsa:

• Ho fifatsa lense ea leihlo (lera la mahlo)
• Lefu la tsoekere
• Glaucoma
• Khatello ea mali e phahameng
• Ho lahleheloa ke pono e bohale, e bohareng (ho senyeha ha macular e amanang le lilemo, kapa ARMD)

Liphello tsa tlhahlobo ea mahlo e tloaelehileng li tloaelehile ha ngaka ea mahlo e fumana hore u na le:

• Pono ea 20/20 (e tloaelehileng)
• Matla a ho khetholla mebala e fapaneng
• Sebaka se felletseng sa pono
• Tšebelisano e nepahetseng ea mesifa ea mahlo
• Khatello e tloaelehileng ea mahlo
• Mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea mahlo (cornea, iris, lens)

Liphetho tse sa tloaelehang li ka bakoa ke tse ling tsa tse latelang:

• ARMD
• Astigmatism (cornea e kobehileng ka mokhoa o sa tloaelehang)
• Tsela e thibetsoeng ea meokho
• Likotsi
• Bofofu ba mmala
• Ho senyeha ha 'mele oa Corneal
• Likokoana-hloko tsa Corneal, tšoaetso kapa kotsi
• Metsing e senyehileng kapa methapo ea mali ka leihlong
• Tšenyo e amanang le lefu la tsoekere ka leihlong (lefu la tsoekere retinopathy)
• Hyperopia (ponelopele)
• Glaucoma
• Kotsi ea leihlo
• Leihlo le botsoa (amblyopia)
• Myopia (pono e haufi)
• Presbyopia (ho se khone ho tsepamisa maikutlo linthong tse haufi tse holang ka lilemo)
• Strabismus (mahlo a sefapano)
• Ho lla kapa ho its'oara ka mokokotlo

Lethathamo lena le kanna la kenyelletsa lisosa tsohle tse ka bang teng tsa liphetho tse sa tloaelehang.

Haeba o amohela marotholi ho ntlafatsa mahlo a hau bakeng sa ophthalmoscopy, pono ea hau e tla fifala.

• Roala likhalase tsa mahlo ho sireletsa mahlo a hau ho khanya ea letsatsi, e leng ho ka u senyang mahlo ha o feta.
• E-re motho e mong au khannele hae.
• Marotholi hangata a fela ka lihora tse 'maloa.

Maemong a sa tloaelehang, mahlo a ntseng a phahama a baka:

• Tlhaselo ea glaucoma e tšesaane
• Botsoa
• Ho omella ha molomo
• Ho tsuba
• Ho nyekeloa le ho hlatsa

Tlhahlobo e tloaelehileng ea ophthalmic; Ho hlahloba mahlo khafetsa; Tlhahlobo ea mahlo - e tloaelehileng; Tlhahlobo ea mahlo ea selemo le selemo

• Teko ea mahlo a mahlo
• Teko ea tšimo ea pono

Ball JW, Dains JE, Flynn JA, Solomon BS, Stewart RW. Mahlo. Ka: Ball JW, Dains JE, Flynn JA, Solomon BS, Stewart RW, li-eds. Tataiso ea Seidel ea Tlhahlobo ea 'Mele. La 8th. St Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby; 2015: khaolo ea 11.

Feder RS, Olsen TW, Prum BE Jr, le al. Tekolo e felletseng ea leihlo la motho e moholo ea bongaka e khetha litataiso tsa paterone. Ophthalmology. 2016; 123 (1): 209-236 (Khatisitsoeng) PMID: 26581558 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26581558.

Prokopich CL, Hrynchak P, Elliott DB, Flanagan JG. Tlhahlobo ea bophelo bo botle. E ngotsoe ke: Elliott DB. Mekhoa ea bongaka ea kalafo ea tlhokomelo ea mahlo ea mantlha. La 4 ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2014: khaolo ea 7.