Bothata ba Autism

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) ke lefu la kholo. E hlaha hangata lilemong tsa pele tsa 3 tsa bophelo. ASD e ama bokhoni ba boko ba ho holisa tsebo e tloaelehileng ea kahisano le puisano.

Lebaka le tobileng la ASD ha le tsejoe. Ho ka etsahala hore lintlha tse 'maloa li lebise ho ASD. Liphuputso li bonts'a hore liphatsa tsa lefutso li kanna tsa ameha, hobane ASD e sebetsa malapeng a mang. Meriana e meng e nooang nakong ea bokhachane le eona e ka lebisa ho ASD ho ngoana.

Ho belaelloa lisosa tse ling, empa ha ho pakoe. Bo-rasaense ba bang ba lumela hore tšenyo ea karolo ea boko, e bitsoang amygdala, e kanna ea ameha. Ba bang ba ntse ba sheba hore na vaerase e ka baka matšoao.

Batsoali ba bang ba utloile hore liente li ka baka ASD. Empa liphuputso ha li fumane khokahano lipakeng tsa liente le ASD. Ditlhopha tsotlhe tsa baitseanape ba tsa kalafi le puso di bolela gore ga gona kgolagano magareng ga meento le ASD

Keketseho ea bana ba nang le ASD e kanna ea ba ka lebaka la tlhahlobo e ntlafetseng le litlhaloso tse ncha tsa ASD. Autism spectrum disorder joale e kenyelletsa li-syndromes tse neng li nkuoa e le mathata a arohaneng:

• Boloetse ba Autistic
• Lefu la Asperger
• Bothata ba ho arohana ha bongoana
• Boloetse bo atileng ba kholo

Boholo ba batsoali ba bana ba ASD ba belaela hore ho na le ho hong ho phoso ha ngoana a le likhoeli tse 18. Bana ba ASD hangata ba ba le mathata le:

• Ketsiso ea ho bapala
• Likamano tsa sechaba
• Puisano ka mantsoe le ka mantsoe

Bana ba bang ba bonahala ba tloaelehile pele ba le lilemo li 1 kapa 2. Ka tšohanyetso ba lahleheloa ke puo kapa tsebo ea sechaba eo ba neng ba se ba ntse ba na le eona.

Matšoao a ka fapana ho tloha ho e itekanetseng ho ea ho e matla.

Motho ea nang le autism a ka:

• E-ba hlokolosi haholo mahlong, ho utloeng, ho ama, ho fofonela, kapa ho latsoa (mohlala, ba hana ho apara liaparo tse "hlohlona" 'me ba koata haeba ba qobelloa ho apara liaparo)
• Khalefo haholo ha mekhoa ea ts'ebetso e fetoloa
• Pheta metsamao ea 'mele khafetsa
• Khomarela ka mokhoa o sa tloaelehang linthong

Mathata a puisano a ka kenyelletsa:

• Ha e khone ho qala kapa ho boloka moqoqo
• E sebelisa boitšisinyo ho fapana le mantsoe
• O ntšetsa pele puo butle butle kapa che
• Ha e fetole mahlo ho sheba lintho tseo ba bang ba li shebileng
• Ha e lebise ho nna ka tsela e nepahetseng (mohlala, e re "o batla metsi" ha ngoana a bolela "Ke batla metsi")
• Ha e supe ho bontša batho ba bang lintho (hangata li etsahala likhoeling tse 14 tsa pele tsa bophelo)
• Pheta mantsoe kapa litemana tse tšoeroeng ka hlooho, joalo ka lipapatso

Tšebelisano ea sechaba:

• Ha e etse metsoalle
• Ha e bapale lipapali tse kopanetsoeng
• E tlositsoe
• E kanna ea se arabe ha u mo sheba kapa u bososela, kapa u ka qoba ho kopana le motho
• E ka tšoara ba bang joalo ka lintho
• O khetha ho ba mong ho fapana le ho ba le ba bang
• Ha e khone ho bontša kutloelo-bohloko

Karabo ho leseli la kutlo:

• Ha e makatsoe ke lerata le phahameng
• E na le kutlo e phahameng haholo kapa e tlase haholo ea pono, ho utloa, ho ama, ho fofonela kapa ho latsoa
• Ba ka fumana melumo e tloaelehileng e utloisa bohloko 'me ba tšoara matsoho a bona litsebeng tsa bona
• E kanna ea ikhula ho ts'oaroeng hobane e hlasimolla haholo kapa ea sithabetsa
• Likoti, bokaholimo kapa lintho tsa ho nyeka
• E kanna ea ba le karabelo e phahameng haholo kapa e tlase haholo bohlokong

Bapala:

• Ha e etsise liketso tsa ba bang
• O khetha papali ea motho a le mong kapa moetlo
• O bontša papali e nyane ea boikaketsi

Boitšoaro:

• E etsa ka bohale bo matla
• E ts'oaroa ke sehlooho kapa mosebetsi o le mong
• E na le nako e khuts'oane ea ho tsepamisa mohopolo
• E na le lithahasello tse fokolang haholo
• O fetelletsa lintho kapa o mpa feela
• O mabifi ho ba bang kapa ho nna
• E bontša tlhoko e matla ea hore lintho li tšoane
• E pheta metsamao ea 'mele

Bana bohle ba lokela ho ba le litlhahlobo tse etsoang ke lingaka tsa bana.Ho ka hlokahala liteko tse ling haeba mofani oa tlhokomelo ea bophelo kapa batsoali ba amehile. Sena ke 'nete haeba ngoana a sa kopane le efe kapa efe ea metheo ena ea puo:

• Ho qhekella ka likhoeli tse 12
• Ho itšoaea (ho supa, ho phahamisa matsoho) ka likhoeli tse 12
• Ho bua mantsoe a le mong ka likhoeli tse 16
• Ho bua mantsoe a mabeli a ikhethileng ka likhoeli tse 24 (eseng feela ho pheta-pheta)
• Ho lahleheloa ke puo efe kapa efe kapa tsebo ea kahisano ka lilemo tsohle

Bana bana ba ka hloka teko ea kutlo, tlhahlobo ea mali, le tlhahlobo ea ASD.

Mofani ea nang le boiphihlelo ba ho hlahloba le ho phekola ASD o lokela ho bona ngoana hore a mo hlahlobe. Hobane ha ho na tlhahlobo ea mali bakeng sa ASD, tlhahlobo hangata e ipapisitse le litataiso tse tsoang bukeng ea bongaka e bitsoang sehlooho Buka ea Tlhatlhobo le Lipalopalo tsa Mathata a Kelello (DSM-V).

Tekolo ea ASD hangata e kenyelletsa tlhahlobo e felletseng ea 'mele le methapo (neurologic). Ho ka etsoa liteko ho bona hore na ho na le bothata ka liphatsa tsa lefutso kapa metabolism ea 'mele. Metabolism ke lits'ebetso tsa 'mele le lik'hemik'hale.

ASD e kenyelletsa matšoao a mangata. Kahoo, tlhahlobo e le 'ngoe, e khuts'oane e ke ke ea bolela bokhoni ba' nete ba ngoana. Ho molemo ho ba le sehlopha sa litsebi ho lekola ngoana. Ba kanna ba lekola:

• Puisano
• Puo
• Tsebo ea makoloi
• Puo
• Katleho sekolong
• Bokgoni ba ho nahana

Batsoali ba bang ha ba batle hore ngoana oa bona a fumanoe hobane ba tšaba hore ngoana o tla ngoloa. Empa ntle le ho hlahlojoa, ngoana oa bona a ka se fumane kalafo le lits'ebeletso tse hlokahalang.

Nakong ena, ha ho na pheko bakeng sa ASD. Lenaneo la kalafo le tla ntlafatsa haholo pono ea bana ba bangata ba banyenyane. Mananeo a mangata a haha ​​holim'a lithahasello tsa ngoana ka kemiso e hlophisitsoeng hantle ea mesebetsi e hahang.

Merero ea kalafo e ka kopanya mekhoa, ho kenyelletsa:

• Tlhahlobo ea boitšoaro bo sebelisitsoeng (ABA)
• Meriana, ha ho hlokahala
• Phekolo ea mosebetsing
• Phekolo ea 'mele
• Phekolo ea puo ea puo

SEBELISITSOENG KE BOPHELO (ABA)

Lenaneo lena ke la bana ba banyenyane. E thusa maemong a mang. ABA e sebelisa thuto ea motho ka mong e matlafatsang tsebo e fapaneng. Morero ke ho atametsa ngoana tšebetsong e tloaelehileng bakeng sa lilemo tsa hae.

Lenaneo la ABA le etsoa hangata lapeng la ngoana. Setsebi sa kelello se itšoereng se hlokomela lenaneo. Mananeo a ABA a ka ba theko e boima haholo 'me ha a sebelisoe haholo ke litsamaiso tsa sekolo. Hangata batsoali ba tlameha ho fumana chelete le basebetsi mehloling e meng, e sa fumaneheng libakeng tse ngata.

TS'ELISO

Lenaneo le leng le bitsoa Phekolo le Thuto ea Autistic and Related Communication Handicapped Children (TEACCH). E sebelisa lipampiri tsa litšoantšo le lits'oants'o tse ling tsa pono. Tsena li thusa bana ho sebetsa ba le bang le ho hlophisa le ho rala libaka tsa bona.

Le ha TEACCH e leka ho ntlafatsa tsebo le bokhoni ba ngoana ba ho ikamahanya le maemo, e amohela mathata a amanang le ASD. Ho fapana le mananeo a ABA, TEACCH ha e lebelle hore bana ba ka fihlela kholo e tloaelehileng ka kalafo.

MERIANA

Ha hona moriana o alafang ASD ka boyona. Empa hangata meriana e sebelisoa ho alafa mathata a boitšoaro kapa a maikutlo ao batho ba nang le ASD ba ka bang le ona. Tsena li kenyelletsa:

• Bohale
• Ho tšoenyeha
• Mathata a tlhokomelo
• Likhatello tse fetelletseng tseo ngoana a ke keng a li emisa
• Ho hloka botsitso
• Ho potlaka
• Ho teneha
• Feto-fetoha
• Ho phatloha
• Bothata ba ho robala
• Ho ithaburanya

Ke risperidone ea lithethefatsi feela e lumelloang ho phekola bana ba lilemo li 5 ho isa ho 16 bakeng sa ho teneha le ho ba mabifi ho ka bang teng ka ASD. Meriana e meng e ka sebelisoang hape ke lintho tse matlafatsang maikutlo le tse khothatsang.

LIJO

Bana ba bang ba nang le ASD ba bonahala ba sebetsa hantle ka ho ja lijo tse se nang gluten kapa tse se nang kheine. Gluten e lijong tse nang le koro, rye le harese. Casein e ka lebeseng, chisi le lihlahisoa tse ling tsa lebese. Ha se litsebi tsohle tse lumellanang hore liphetoho lijong li etsa phapang. Hase lithuto tsohle tse bontšitseng litholoana tse ntle.

Haeba u ntse u nahana ka liphetoho tsena kapa tse ling tsa lijo, bua le mofani le setsebi sa phepo se ngolisitsoeng. U batla ho netefatsa hore ngoana oa hau o ntse a fumana likhalori tse lekaneng le limatlafatsi tse nepahetseng.

LITSELA TSE LING

Hlokomela litlhare tse phatlalatsoang haholo tsa ASD tse se nang ts'ehetso ea mahlale, le litlaleho tsa pholiso ea mehlolo. Haeba ngoana oa hau a na le ASD, buisana le batsoali ba bang. Buisana hape le litsebi tsa ASD ka lintho tse u tšoenyang. Latela khatelo-pele ea lipatlisiso tsa ASD, e ntseng e hola ka potlako.

Mekhatlo e mengata e fana ka leseli le eketsehileng le thuso ho ASD.

Ka kalafo e nepahetseng, matšoao a mangata a ASD a ka ntlafatsoa. Batho ba bangata ba nang le ASD ba na le matšoao a itseng bophelo bohle ba bona. Empa, ba khona ho lula le malapa a bona kapa sechabeng.

ASD e ka hokahana le mathata a mang a boko, a joalo ka:

• Lefu la Fragile X
• Bokooa ba kelello
• Tuberous sclerosis

Batho ba bang ba nang le autism ba tšoaroa ke sethoathoa.

Ho imeloa kelellong ea ho sebetsana le autism ho ka lebisa mathateng a sechaba le maikutlo ho malapa le bahlokomeli, le ho motho ea nang le autism.

Batsoali hangata ba belaella hore ho na le bothata ba kholo pele ho tlhahlobo e etsoang. Bitsa mofani oa hau haeba u nahana hore ngoana oa hau ha a hōle hantle.

Autism; Autistic ho hloka taolo; Lefu la Asperger; Bothata ba ho arohana ha bongoana; Boloetse bo atileng ba kholo

Bridgemohan CF. Bothata ba Autism. Ka: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, bahlophisi. Buka ea Nelson ea Pediatrics. La 21 Ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: khaolo ea 54.

Litsi tsa Taolo le Thibelo ea Maloetse. Autism spectrum disorder, likhothaletso le tataiso. www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/hcp-recommendations.html. E ntlafalitsoe ka Phato 27, 2019. E fihlile ka Mots'eanong 8, 2020.

Nass R, Sidhu R, Ross G. Autism le bokooa bo bong ba nts'etsopele. Ka: Daroff RB, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, bahlophisi. Neurology ea Bradley ho Tloaelo ea Bongaka. La 7th. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: khaolo ea 90.

Setsi sa Naha sa Bophelo ba Kelello webosaeteng. Bothata ba Autism. www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml. E ntlafalitsoe ka Hlakubele 2018. E fihlile ka Mots'eanong 8, 2020.