Leshome le metso e mehlano: Lijo tse 12 tse phahameng ka meriana e bolaeang likokonyana

Litaba

• Lethathamo la Leshome le Leshome ke lefe?
• Lethathamo la Lijo tse Leshome le Metso e litšila tsa 2018
• Na meriana e bolaeang likokonyana e fumanehang phepong ea rona ea lijo e kotsi?
• Na Tlhahiso ea Tlhaho e na le Likokoana-hloko?
• Na u lokela ho qoba mefuta e tloaelehileng ea lijo tse litšila?
• Litsela tsa ho Fokotsa Ponahalo ea Pesticide Ho Lijo
• Ntlha ea Bohlokoa

Tlhokahalo ea lihlahisoa tsa manyolo e eketsehile haholo lilemong tse mashome a mabeli tse fetileng.

MaAmerika a sebelisitse lidolara tse fetang limilione tse likete tse 26 ho lihlahisoa tsa manyolo ka 2010 ha a bapisoa le limilione tse sekete ka 1990 ().

E 'ngoe ea lintho tse tšoenyang haholo tse tsamaisang tšebeliso ea lijo tsa manyolo ke ho pepesehela chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana.

Selemo se seng le se seng, Sehlopha sa Ts'ebetso ea Tikoloho (EWG) se hlahisa Dirty Dozen ™ - lethathamo la litholoana le meroho tse 12 tseo e seng tsa manyolo tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa masaleng a chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana.

Sengoliloeng sena se thathamisitse lijo tsa morao-rao tse litšila, se arola 'nete le tšōmo ha ho tluoa ts'ebelisong ea chefo e bolaeang likokonyana mme se hlalosa mekhoa e bonolo ea ho fokotsa ho pepesehela chefo e bolaeang likokonyana.

Lethathamo la Leshome le Leshome ke lefe?

Sehlopha sa Ts'ebetso ea Tikoloho (EWG) ke mokhatlo o sa etseng phaello o shebaneng le ho ruta sechaba ka litaba tse kang mekhoa ea temo, ts'ireletso ea lisebelisoa tsa tlhaho le litlamorao tsa lik'hemik'hale bophelong ba batho (2).

Ho tloha ka 1995, EWG e phatlalalitse Dirty Dozen - lethathamo la litholoana le meroho e holileng ka tloaelo e nang le masala a likokoana-hloko a phahameng ka ho fetisisa.

Likokonyana tse bolaeang likokonyana ke lintho tse atisang ho sebelisoa temong ho sireletsa lijalo tšenyo e bakiloeng ke likokoanyana, khatello ea mahola le mafu.

Ho bokella lethathamo la Dirty Dozen, EWG e sekaseka mehlala e fetang 38,000 e nkuoeng ke USDA le FDA ho khetholla bafosi ba mpe ka ho fetesisa (3).

EWG e sebelisa mehato e tšeletseng ho tseba tšilafalo ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea lihlahisoa (3):

• Liphesente tsa lisampole tse lekiloeng ka chefo e bolaeang likokonyana
• Liphesente tsa lisampole tse nang le likokoanyana tse bolaeang likokonyana tse peli kapa ho feta
• Karolelano ea palo ea meriana e bolaeang likokonyana e fumanoeng sampoleng e le 'ngoe
• Karolelano ea palo ea chefo e bolaeang likokonyana e fumanoeng, e lekantsoe ka likarolo ho milione
• Palo e kahodimodimo ea chefo e bolaeang likokonyana e fumanoeng sampoleng e le 'ngoe
• Kakaretso ea meriana e bolaeang likokonyana e fumanoang lijalo

EWG e re mokhoa ona "o bonts'a mefuta e mengata ea litholoana le meroho".

Le ha EWG e re lenane lena le ka thusa bareki ho qoba ho pepeseha ha chefo e sa hlokahaleng ea likokoanyana, litsebi tse ling - ho kenyeletsoa le boramahlale ba lijo - li pheha khang ea hore lenane lena le tšosa sechaba hore se se ke sa ja lijo tse nepahetseng.

Likokoanyana tse bolaeang likokonyana li laoloa ka thata ke USDA, 'me litlaleho tsa morao tjena li bontša hore litekanyetso tsa likokoanyana tse fumanoang ho 99.5% ea lihlahisoa tse tloaelehileng li ka tlase ho likhothaletso tse behiloeng ke Setsi sa Ts'ireletso ea Tikoloho (4).

USDA Pesticide Data Programme e netefatsa hore phepelo ea lijo ea U.S. “ke e 'ngoe ea tse sireletsehileng ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng,” ka lebaka la mekhoa e matla ea liteko (4).

Leha ho le joalo, litsebi tse ngata li pheha khang ea hore khafetsa ho pepesehela chefo e bolaeang likokonyana - leha e le ka tekanyetso e nyane - e ka ipha 'meleng oa hau ha nako e ntse e tsamaea mme ea lebisa maemong a bophelo bo sa foleng.

Ntle le moo, ho na le ngongoreho ea hore meeli e bolokehileng e behiloeng ke mekhatlo ea taolo ha e nahane ka likotsi tsa bophelo bo botle tse amehang ka ho sebelisa chefo e bolaeang likokonyana e fetang e le 'ngoe ka nako.

Bakeng sa mabaka ana, EWG e thehile lethathamo la Dirty Dozen e le tataiso bakeng sa batho ba batlang ho lekanyetsa phepelo ea likokoanyana bakeng sa bona le ba malapa a bona.

Dirty Dozen ke lenane la litholoana le meroho tse nang le masala a likokoana-hloko a phahameng ka ho fetisisa a entsoeng ke Sehlopha sa Ts'ebetso sa Tikoloho (EWG) ho ruta sechaba ka polokeho ea lijo.

Lethathamo la Lijo tse Leshome le Metso e litšila tsa 2018

Ho ea ka EWG, litholoana le meroho tse latelang li na le masala a phahameng ka ho fetisisa a likokoanyana (5):

1. Fragole: Li-fragole tse tloaelehileng li lula li le holimo lethathamong la Dirty Dozen. Ka 2018, EWG e fumane hore karolo ea boraro ea mefuta eohle ea fragola e na le masala a likokoanyana tse leshome kapa ho feta.
2. Sepinichi: Li-sampuli tsa 97% tsa sipinake li ne li na le masala a chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, ho kenyeletsoa permethrin, moriana o bolaeang likokoanyana o nang le chefo e chefo haholo liphoofolong ().
3. Likokoana-hloko: EWG e fumane masalla ka lisampole tse ka bang 94% tsa nectarine, ka sampole e le 'ngoe e nang le masalla a fapaneng a likokoanyana a 15.
4. Liapole: EWG e fumane masalla a likokoanyana ka 90% ea mehlala ea liapole. Ho feta moo, 80% ea liapole tse lekiloeng li ne li na le mesaletsa ea diphenylamine, e leng moriana o bolaeang likokoanyana o thibetsoeng Europe (7).
5. Morara: Morara o tloaelehileng ke sejo se tloaelehileng lenaneng la Dirty Dozen, ka liteko tse fetang 96% tse fumanoang li le masala a chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana.
6. Liperekisi: Ho feta 99% ea liperekisi tse lekiloeng ke EWG li ne li na le karolelano ea masalla a likokoanyana tse 'ne.
7. Li-cherries: EWG e fumane karolelano ea masala a likokoanyana a mahlano ka lisampole tsa ciliegia, ho kenyeletsoa le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e bitsoang iprodione, e thibetsoeng Europe (8).
8. Liperekisi: Ho feta 50% ea lipere tse lekiloeng ke EWG li ne li na le masalla a likokoanyana tse hlano kapa ho feta.
9. Litamati Masalla a mane a chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana a fumanoe ho langa le le lej le jetsoeng ka tloaelo. Sampole e le 'ngoe e ne e na le masalla a fapaneng a 15 a chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana.
10. Seleri: Masala a chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana a fumanoe ho feta 95% ea lisampole tsa celery. Ho fumanoe mefuta e ka bang 13 ea chefo e bolaeang likokonyana.
11. Litapole: Mehlala ea litapole e ne e na le masalla a chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ka boima ho feta sejalo sefe kapa sefe se lekiloeng. Chlorpropham, sebolayalehola, e entsoe ka bongata ba meriana e bolaeang likokonyana e fumanoeng.
12. Pelepele e monate ea tšepe: Pelepele e monate e na le masala a likokoana-hloko a fokolang ha a bapisoa le litholoana le meroho e meng. Leha ho le joalo, EWG e hlokomelisa hore chefo e bolaeang likokonyana e sebelisitsoeng pelepeleng e tsoekere e tsoekere “e tloaetse ho ba chefo haholo bophelong ba batho.”

Ntle le Dozen Dozen ea setso, EWG e hlahisa lenane la Dirty Dozen Plus le nang le litholoana le meroho e meng e 36 e nang le masala a mangata a likokoanyana, ho kenyeletsoa pelepele e chesang, tamati ea ciliegia, lierekisi tse halikiloeng le li-blueberries.

Fragole e kaholimo ho lenane la Dirty Dozen la 2018, e lateloe ke spinach le li-nectarine. Lijo tse 'maloa lenaneng lena li ne li e-na le meriana e bolaeang likokonyana e mengata, ho kenyeletsoa le tse ling tse thibetsoeng Europe.

Na meriana e bolaeang likokonyana e fumanehang phepong ea rona ea lijo e kotsi?

Ho na le maikutlo a hanyetsanang mabapi le polokeho ea ts'ebeliso ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana lihlahisoa.

Le ha chefo e bolaeang likokonyana e sebelisoang lijalong e laoloa ka thata 'me e bolokiloe ka tlasa meeli e kotsi, ho na le ngongoreho ka hore na ho pepesehela lintho tsena khafetsa ho ama bophelo bo botle joang.

Liphuputso tse 'maloa li hokahantse ho pepeseha ha chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana liphellong tse mpe tsa bophelo bo botle, joalo ka mathata a ho hema, mathata a ho ikatisa, tšitiso ea sistimi ea endocrine, tšenyo ea methapo le kotsi e eketsehileng ea mofetše o itseng oa mofetše ().

Bana ba nkuoa ba le kotsing e kholo ea ho ba le chefo ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ho feta batho ba baholo ka lebaka la boholo ba bona bo bonyenyane, palo e fokotsehileng ea li-enzyme tse itseng tse fokotsang chefo le taba ea hore boko bo ntseng bo hola bo ka hlaseloa habonolo ke chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea methapo e kotsi ().

Boithuto bo bontšitse hore bana ba tsoetsoeng ke bo-mme ba nang le ts'oaetso e phahameng ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ba bontšitse ho lieha kelellong ho fihlela lilemo tse peli, ho kenyeletsoa khaello ea khokahano le mohopolo oa pono ().

Ho pepesehela bongoaneng meriana e bolaeang likokonyana ho boetse ho amana le kotsi e kholo ea ho ba le ADHD ().

Phuputso e 'ngoe e fumane hore basali ba baimana ba neng ba lula haufi le masimo moo likokoanyana tse bolaeang likokonyana tse bitsoang organophosphate, pyrethroid kapa carbamate li fafalitsoeng ba na le monyetla oa hore bana ba fumanoe ba na le lefu la autism kapa la autism spectrum disorder (ASDs) ().

Ho feta moo, lihoai tse sebelisitseng likokonyana tse bolaeang likokonyana lijalong tsa tsona li fumanoe li na le makhetlo a phahameng a botenya le mofetše oa colon ha li bapisoa le batho ka kakaretso ().

Mabapi le maemo a chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana 'meleng, lipatlisiso li bonts'a hore ho chencha lihlahisoa tse tloaelehileng ka mefuta ea manyolo ho fokotsa haholo kapa ho felisa maemo a moroto oa chefo e bolaeang likokonyana e tloaelehileng (,).

Ho hlakile hore maemo a phahameng a ho pepesehela chefo e bolaeang likokonyana a amahanngoa le litlamorao tse mpe tsa bophelo bo botle.

Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tse ngata tse fumanehang li shebana le batho ba sebetsanang ka kotloloho le chefo e bolaeang likokonyana letsatsi le letsatsi, joalo ka basebetsi ba temo, ho fapana le sechaba ka kakaretso.

Ho hlakile hore ho pepesehela tekanyetso e phahameng ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ho kotsi. Leha ho le joalo, ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse ling ho fumana hore na ho pepesehela nako e telele maemong a tlase a chefo e bolaeang likokonyana e fumanoang lijong ho kotsi bophelong.

Na Tlhahiso ea Tlhaho e na le Likokoana-hloko?

Le ha litekanyetso tsa temo ea manyolo li fapane le litloaelo tse tloaelehileng tsa temo, lihoai tse lenngoeng ka manyolo li lumelloa ho sebelisa chefo e bolaeang likokonyana e lumelloang lijalo.

Lihoai tsa tlhaho li its'etleha haholo ka ho chenchana ha lijalo, ts'ireletso ea limela tsa tlhaho le bohloeki ho sireletsa lijalo.

Leha ho le joalo, chefo e bolaeang likokonyana e joalo ka koporo, rotenone le spinosad, e ka sebelisoa temong ea manyolo (17).

Likokoanyana tse 25 tse bolaeang likokonyana li lumelloa hore li sebelisoe ka tlhaho khahlanong le tse makatsang tse 900 tse seng li lumelletsoe ho sebelisoa lijalo tse tloaelehileng (18).

Joalo ka chefo e bolaeang likokonyana e sebelisoang temong e tloaelehileng, chefo e bolaeang likokonyana e laoloa ka thata bakeng sa polokeho empa e ka ba kotsi ho bophelo bo botle ka tekanyetso e phahameng.

Mohlala, ho pepeseha mosebetsing ho bola oa chefo e bolaeang likokonyana e bolailoe ke kotsi ea lefu la Parkinson ().

Ka bomalimabe, lithuto tsa nako e telele tse lekolang likotsi tsa ho ja litholoana le meroho e tloaelehileng ho fapana le litholoana le meroho sechabeng li haella.

Haeba u khetha lijo tsa manyolo ka mabaka a tikoloho ho fapana le mabaka a bophelo bo botle, lipatlisiso li tšehetsa hore temo ea manyolo e na le tšusumetso e fokolang tikolohong ho feta temo e tloaelehileng.

Mekhoa ea temo ea tlhaho e fokotsa tlhahiso ea khabone, e khothaletsa mefuta-futa ea limela le ho sireletsa mobu le metsi a ka tlase ho lefatše (20).

Likokoanyana tse bolaeang likokonyana tse sebelisoang temong e tloaelehileng le tse nang le manyolo li ka ba kotsi ho bophelo bo botle ka tekanyetso e phahameng.

Na u lokela ho qoba mefuta e tloaelehileng ea lijo tse litšila?

Batho ba bangata ba khetha lihlahisoa tsa manyolo ka tšepo ea ho fokotsa ho pepesehela ha bona meriana e bolaeang likokonyana.

Bopaki bo eketsehileng bo tsoang liphuputsong tsa lipatlisiso boa hlokahala ho fumana hore na phepo ea phepo e ntle e na le phepo e ntle ho feta lijo tse nang le lihlahisoa tse holileng ka tloaelo.

Bakeng sa ba nang le bokhoni ba ho reka mefuta e mengata ea lihlahisoa tse bolaeang likokoanyana tse phahameng, ho sebelisa tloaelo ena ho kanna ha fella ka ho pepesetsoa likokonyana tse bolaeang likokonyana ka kakaretso.

Leha ho le joalo, hoa lokela ho hlokomeloa hore chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ha e fumanoe feela litholoana le meroho.

Li sebelisoa haholo lijalong tse ling joalo ka lithollo tsa lijo-thollo, hammoho le mohloa, lirapa tsa lipalesa le ho laola likokoanyana (,).

Kaha chefo e bolaeang likokonyana e atile haholo, tsela e molemohali ea ho fokotsa ho pepeseha ha hao ke ho khetha lijo tse lenngoeng ka manyolo ha ho khonahala le ho itlhokomela haholoanyane serapeng le mekhoa e lelekisang likokoanyana.

Kaha lihlahisoa tsa manyolo hangata li theko e phahameng ho feta tse tloaelehileng, ho ka ba thata ho batho ba bangata ho li reka.

Se ke oa tšoenyeha haeba o sa khone ho reka mefuta ea manyolo ea Dirty Dozen.

Ho ja litholoana le meroho e mengata ho feta kotsi ea masala a chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana lihlahisoa, 'me ho na le mekhoa ea ho fokotsa masalla ana.

Le ha mefuta ea manyolo ea Dirty Dozen e kanna ea ba le masalla a likokoanyana a fokolang, ho ja litholoana le meroho e tloaelehileng ho bolokehile hantle.

Litsela tsa ho Fokotsa Ponahalo ea Pesticide Ho Lijo

Tse latelang ke mekhoa e bonolo, e bolokehileng le e matla eo u ka e sebelisang ho fokotsa masalla a likokoanyana tse hlahisang lihlahisoa:

• Senya metsi a batang: Ho hlatsoa litholoana le meroho ka metsing a batang ha u ntse u li hohla ka borashe bo bonolo ho ka tlosa masala a likokoanyana tse bolaeang likokoanyana ().
• Ho baka metsi a soda: Phuputso e fumanoe hore ho hlatsoa liapole ka 1% ea soda le motsoako oa metsi ho ne ho atleha haholo ho tloseng masalla a chefo e bolaeang likokonyana ho feta metsi a pompo a le mong ().
• Peel litholoana le meroho: Ho tlosa letlalo la litholoana le meroho e litšila ho ka fokotsa ho ja lijo tsa masalla a likokoanyana ().
• Blanching: Phuputsong e 'ngoe lihlahisoa tsa blanching (ho e pepesetsa ho pheha, ebe ho bata, metsi) ho lebisitse ho phokotso e fetang 50% maemong a masala a chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana mehlala eohle ea meroho le litholoana ntle le liperekisi ().
• Ho belisoa: Phuputso e fumane hore ho phehile fragole ho theotse haholo masalla a likokoanyana, ka phokotso ea 42.8-92.9% ().
• Hlatsoa lihlahisoa ka metsi a ozone. Metsi a ozone (metsi a kopantsoeng le mofuta oa oksijene o bitsoang ozone) a fumanoe a sebetsa hantle haholo ho tloseng masalla a chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana lijong (,).

Ho sebelisa mekhoa efe kapa efe e boletsoeng kaholimo e ka fokotsang masala a chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana lihlahisoa tse ncha.

Ho hlaka lihlahisoa tlasa metsi a batang, ho hlatsoa ka tharollo ea soda kapa ho ebola kaofela ke litsela tse ntle tsa ho fokotsa masala a moriana oa likokoanyana litholoana le meroho.

Ntlha ea Bohlokoa

Morero oa lenane le nang le litšila ke ho tsebisa bareki hore na ke litholoana le meroho efe e nang le masala a likokoanyana a bolaeang likokoanyana.

Le ha lethathamo lena le ka ba molemo ho ba tšoenyehileng ka ts'ebeliso ea chefo e bolaeang likokonyana lijong, ha ho so hlake hore na u tšoenyehile hakae ka ho noa masalla a likokoanyana pele.

Bakeng sa ba lakatsang ho etsa liphoso lehlakoreng la tlhokomeliso, ho molemo ho reka mefuta ea manyolo ea lijo tse litšila tsa Dozen.

Le ha litlamorao tsa meriana e bolaeang likokonyana bophelong bo e-s'o utloisisoe ka botlalo, bohlokoa ba ho ja litholoana le meroho bakeng sa bophelo bo botle, ekaba bo tloaelehileng kapa ke ba tlhaho, bo tiisitsoe ka tieo.

Ka hona, ha ua lokela ho lekanyetsa tšebeliso ea hau ho latela ts'ebeliso ea chefo e bolaeang likokonyana feela.