Malaria

Malaria ke lefu le tšoaetsang batho mafu le amanang le feberu e matla, ho tsitsipana ha serame, matšoao a kang a ntaramane le phokolo ea mali.

Malaria e bakoa ke likokoana-hloko. E fetisetsoa ho batho ka ho longoa ke menoang e nang le tšoaetso ea anopheles. Kamora tšoaetso, likokoana-hloko (tse bitsoang sporozoites) li tsamaea ka phallo ea mali ho ea sebeteng. Ha ba le moo, ba hola le ho lokolla mofuta o mong oa likokoana-hloko tse bitsoang merozoites. Likokoana-hloko li kena maling 'me li tšoaetsa lisele tse khubelu tsa mali.

Likokoana-hloko lia ikatisa ka har'a lisele tse khubelu tsa mali. Lisele li buleha nakong ea lihora tse 48 ho isa ho tse 72 ebe li tšoaetsa lisele tse khubelu tsa mali. Matšoao a pele hangata a hlaha matsatsi a 10 ho isa ho libeke tse 4 kamora tšoaetso, leha a ka hlaha matsatsi a robeli kapa selemo feela kamora tšoaetso. Matšoao a hlaha lipotolohong tsa lihora tse 48 ho isa ho tse 72.

Matšoao a mangata a bakoa ke:

• Ho lokolloa ha merozoite maling
• Phokolo ea mali e bakoang ke ho senyeha ha lisele tse khubelu tsa mali
• Bongata bo boholo ba hemoglobin e lokolloang kamora hore lisele tse khubelu tsa mali li bulehe

Malaria e ka boela ea fetisoa ho tloha ho mme ho ea leseeng la hae le e-so hlahe (ka tlhaho) le ka litšelo tsa mali. Malaria e ka tsamaisoa ke menoang libakeng tse futhumetseng, empa likokoana-hloko lia nyamela mariha.

Lefu lena ke bothata bo boholo ba bophelo bo botle libakeng tse ngata tsa tropike le libakeng tse chesang. Litsi tsa Taolo le Thibelo ea Mafu li hakanya hore ho na le linyeoe tse limilione tse 300 ho isa ho tse 500 tsa malaria selemo se seng le se seng. Batho ba fetang limilione tse 1 ba bolaoa ke eona. Malaria ke kotsi e kholo ea lefu ho baeti ho maemo a futhumetseng a leholimo.

Libakeng tse ling tsa lefatše, menoang e tsamaisang malaria e se e loantša likokoanyana tse bolaeang likokoanyana. Ho phaella moo, likokoana-hloko li se li loantšana le lithibela-mafu tse ling. Maemo ana a entse hore ho be thata ho laola sekhahla sa ts'oaetso le ho ata ha lefu lena.

Matšoao a kenyelletsa:

• Anemia (boemo boo 'mele o se nang lisele tse khubelu tsa mali tse phetseng hantle tse lekaneng)
• Litulo tse nang le mali
• Ho bata, feberu, ho fufuleloa
• Coma
• Ho tsitsinyeha
• Ho opeloa ke hlooho
• Jaundice
• Bohloko ba mesifa
• Ho nyekeloa le ho hlatsa

Nakong ea tlhahlobo ea 'mele, mofani oa tlhokomelo ea bophelo a ka fumana sebete se atolositsoeng kapa spleen e holisitsoeng.

Liteko tse entsoeng li kenyelletsa:

• Liteko tse potlakileng tsa ho hlahloba, tse seng li atile haholo hobane li sebelisoa habonolo ebile li hloka koetliso e fokolang ke litsebi tsa laboratori
• Li-smear tsa mali tsa malaria tse nkiloeng ka linako tse fapaneng tsa lihora tse 6 ho isa ho tse 12 ho netefatsa hore li fumanoe
• Palo e felletseng ea mali (CBC) e tla khetholla phokolo ea mali haeba e le teng

Malaria, haholo-holo falciparum malaria, ke tšohanyetso ea bongaka e hlokang ho lula sepetlele. Chloroquine hangata e sebelisoa e le moriana o thibelang malaria. Empa mafu a hanyetsanang le chloroquine a atile likarolong tse ling tsa lefatše.

Kalafo e ka bang teng bakeng sa tšoaetso ea manganga a chloroquine e kenyelletsa:

• Metsoako e tsoang ho Artemisinin, ho kenyeletsoa artemether le lumefantrine
• Atovaquone-proguanil
• Melao ea Quinine, e kopantsoe le doxycycline kapa clindamycin
• Mefloquine, hammoho le artesunate kapa doxycycline

Khetho ea lithethefatsi e itšetlehile ka hore na u fumane tšoaetso kae.

Tlhokomelo ea bongaka, ho kenyeletsoa le maro a tsoang mothapong (IV) le lithethefatsi tse ling le tšehetso ea ho hema (phefumoloho) e ka hlokahala.

Sephetho se lebelletsoe ho ba se setle maemong a mangata a malaria ka kalafo, empa e fokola ho ts'oaetso ea falciparum e nang le mathata.

Mathata a bophelo bo botle a ka bakoang ke malaria a kenyelletsa:

• Tšoaetso ea boko (cerebritis)
• Tšenyo ea lisele tsa mali (hemolytic anemia)
• Ho hloleha ha liphio
• Ho hloleha ha sebete
• Meningitis
• Ho hloleha ho phefumoloha ho tsoa mokelikeli matšoafong (pulmonary edema)
• Ho phatloha ha spleen ho lebisang ho tsoa mali a mangata kahare (hemorrhage)

Bitsa mofani oa tlhokomelo ea bophelo haeba u ba le feberu le hlooho ka mor'a ho etela naha efe kapa efe ea kantle ho naha.

Boholo ba batho ba lulang libakeng tseo malaria e atileng haholo ba se ba itširelelitse ho lefu lena. Baeti ba ke ke ba itšireletsa mafung 'me ba lokela ho noa meriana ea thibelo.

Ho bohlokoa ho bona mofani oa tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle pele ho leeto la hau. Lebaka ke hore kalafo e kanna ea hloka ho qala ha feela libeke tse 2 pele u etela sebakeng seo, 'me u tsoele pele ka khoeli kamora hore u tlohe sebakeng seo. Boholo ba baeti ba tsoang United States ba tšoaroang ke malaria ba hloleha ho nka mehato e nepahetseng.

Mefuta ea meriana e thibelang malaria e behiloeng e ipapisitse le sebaka seo u se etelang. Baeti ba eang Amerika Boroa, Afrika, K'honthinente ea India, Asia le Pacific Boroa ba lokela ho nka e 'ngoe ea litlhare tse latelang: mefloquine, doxycycline, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine kapa atovaquone-proguanil. Esita le bakhachane ba lokela ho nahana ka ho noa meriana e thibelang mafu hobane kotsi ea lesea le ka tlung ke e ka tlase ho kotsi ea ho ts'oaroa ke tšoaetso.

Chloroquine e bile sethethefatsi se ikhethileng bakeng sa ho itšireletsa khahlanong le malaria. Empa ka lebaka la ho hanyetsa, joale e khothalletsoa feela hore e sebelisoe libakeng tseo Plasmodium vivax, P o motopo, le P malariae ba teng.

Malcale ea malaria e ntse e hanela meriana e thibelang malaria meriana e khothalletsoang e kenyelletsa mefloquine, atovaquone / proguanil (Malarone) le doxycycline.

Thibela ho longoa ke menoang ka:

• Ho apara liaparo tse u sireletsang matsohong le maotong
• Ho sebedisa letlowa la menoang ha o robetse
• Ho sebedisa se lelekang likokoanyana

Bakeng sa tlhaiso-leseling ka malaria le meriana ea thibelo, etela webosaete ea CDC: www.cdc.gov/malaria/travelers/index.html.

Malaria ea Quartan; Malaria ea Falciparum; Feberu ea Biduoterian; Feberu ea metsi a matšo; Malaria ea Tertian; Plasmodium

• Malaria - pono e nyane ea likokoana-hloko tsa lisele
• Monoang, ho fepa batho ba baholo letlalong
• Monoang, seketsoana sa mahe
• Monoang - liboko
• Monoang, pupa
• Malaria, pono e nyane ea likokoana-hloko tsa lisele
• Malaria, photomicrograph ea likokoana-hloko tsa cellular
• Malaria

Ansong D, Seydel KB, Taylor TE. Malaria. Ka: Ryan ET, Hill DR, Solomon T, Aronson NE, Endy TP, bahlophisi. Phekolo ea Hunter’s Tropical Medicine le Mafu a tšoaetsanoang. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: khaolo ea 101.

RM ea Fairhurst, Wellems TE. Malaria (mefuta ea plasmodium). Ka: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, bahlophisi. Mandell, Douglas, le Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. La 9th. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: khaolo ea 274.

Freedman ETSA. Ts'ireletso ea baeti. Ka: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, bahlophisi. Mandell, Douglas, le Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. La 9th. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: khaolo ea 318.