Sefuba

Pherekano ke lefu le sa foleng le etsang hore methapo ea moea ea matšoafo e ruruhe le ho ba mosesane. E lebisa bothateng ba ho hema joalo ka ho hema, ho hema hanyane, ho thatafala ha sefuba le ho khohlela.

Asma e bakoa ke ho ruruha (ho ruruha) moeeng oa moea. Ha tlhaselo ea asma e hlaha, lera la litemana tsa moea lia ruruha mme mesifa e potileng meea ea moea e ba thata. Sena se fokotsa moea o ka fetang tseleng ea moea.

Matšoao a asthma a ka bakoa ke ho hema lintho tse bitsoang li-allergen kapa lintho tse li bakang, kapa lisosa tse ling.

Lisosa tse tloaelehileng tsa asthma li kenyelletsa:

• Liphoofolo (moriri oa liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng kapa dander)
• Likokoana-hloko tsa lerōle
• Meriana e meng (aspirin le tse ling tsa NSAIDS)
• Liphetoho tsa maemo a leholimo (hangata maemo a leholimo a batang)
• Lik'hemik'hale moeeng kapa lijong
• Ho ikoetlisa
• Hlobo
• Peō e phofo
• Matšoao a phefumoloho, a kang sefuba se tloaelehileng
• Maikutlo a matla (khatello ea maikutlo)
• Mosi wa koae

Lintho tse ling libakeng tse ling tsa mosebetsi li ka baka matšoao a asma, e lebisang ho asthma ea mosebetsing. Lisosa tse tloaelehileng ka ho fetesisa ke lerōle la patsi, lerōle la lijo-thollo, dander tsa liphoofolo, fungus kapa lik'hemik'hale.

Batho ba bangata ba nang le asthma ba na le nalane ea bona kapa ea malapa ea ho kula, joalo ka hay fever (allergic rhinitis) kapa eczema. Ba bang ha ba na nalane ea ho kula.

Matšoao a asma a fapana ho ea ka batho. Mohlala, o kanna oa ba le matšoao ka linako tsohle kapa haholo nakong ea boikoetliso.

Batho ba bangata ba nang le asma ba hlaseloa ke linako tse se nang matšoao. Batho ba bang ba na le phefumoloho e khuts'oane nako e telele ka linako tsa phefumoloho e eketsehileng. Ho honotha kapa ho khohlela e ka ba lona letšoao le ka sehloohong.

Litlhaselo tsa asthma li ka nka metsotso e seng mekae ho isa matsatsing. Tlhaselo ea asthma e ka qala ka tšohanyetso kapa ea hola butle ho feta lihora tse 'maloa kapa matsatsi. E kanna ea ba kotsi haeba moea o kenang o koetsoe ka matla.

Matšoao a asthma a kenyelletsa:

• Khohlela ka tlhahiso ea sekhohlela kapa ntle le eona
• Ho hula letlalo lipakeng tsa likhopo ha u hema (li-intercostal retract)
• Phefumoloho e khutšoanyane e mpefalang ka ho ikoetlisa kapa ho ikoetlisa
• Ho lla ka mololi kapa ho lla ha u ntse u hema
• Bohloko kapa ho thatafala sefubeng
• Ho thata ho robala
• Mokhoa o sa tloaelehang oa ho hema (ho hema ho nka nako e fetang habeli ho feta ho phefumoloha)
  

Matšoao a tšohanyetso a hlokang thuso ea bongaka kapele a kenyelletsa:

• Mmala o boputsoa molomong le sefahlehong
• Ho fokotseha ha maemo, joalo ka ho otsela haholo kapa pherekano, nakong ea tlhaselo ea asthma
• Ho hema ka thata haholo
• Pelo e potlakileng
• Matšoenyeho a maholo ka lebaka la phefumoloho e khuts'oane
• Ho fufuleloa
• Ho thata ho bua
• Ho hema ho emisa ka nakoana

Mofani oa tlhokomelo ea bophelo o tla sebelisa stethoscope ho mamela matšoafo a hau. Ho luma melumo e meng e amanang le asthma ho ka utluoa. Mofani o tla nka nalane ea hau ea bongaka mme a botse ka matšoao a hau.

Liteko tse ka laeloang li kenyelletsa:

• Ho itlhahloba ka 'mele - tlhahlobo ea letlalo kapa tlhahlobo ea mali ho bona hore na motho ea nang le asthma o alejiki linthong tse itseng
• Khase ea mali ea arterial - hangata e etsoa ho batho ba nang le tlhaselo e matla ea asthma
• X-ray sefubeng - ho laola maemo a mang
• Liteko tsa ts'ebetso ea matšoafo, ho kenyeletsoa le litekanyo tsa phallo ea tlhoro

Morero oa kalafo ke:

• Laola ho ruruha ha moea
• Fokotsa ho pepesehela lintho tse ka bakang matšoao a hau
• Thusa ho tseba ho etsa mesebetsi e tloaelehileng ntle le ho ba le matšoao a asma

Uena le mofani oa hau le lokela ho sebetsa le le sehlopha ho sebetsana le matšoao a asthma. Latela litaelo tsa mofani oa hau mabapi le ho noa meriana, ho felisa lisosa tsa asma, le matšoao a ho lekola.

LITLHAKU TSA ASHMA

Ho na le mefuta e 'meli ea meriana ea ho phekola asma:

• Laola meriana ho thusa ho thibela litlhaselo
• Meriana ea liphallelo e potlakileng bakeng sa ts'ebeliso nakong ea litlhaselo

LITLHARE NAKO TELELE

Tsena li boetse li bitsoa litlhare tsa tlhokomelo kapa taolo. Li sebelisetsoa ho thibela matšoao ho batho ba nang le asthma e matla. U tlameha ho li nka letsatsi le leng le le leng hore li sebetse. Li nke le ha u ikutloa u lokile.

Meriana e meng ea nako e telele e phefumoloha (ho hema), joalo ka li-steroid le li-beta-agonists tse sebetsang nako e telele. Tse ling li nkoa ka molomo (ka molomo). Mofani oa hau o tla u fa moriana o nepahetseng.

LITLHARE PUSELETSO

Tsena li boetse li bitsoa meriana ea pholoso. Li nkuoa:

• Bakeng sa ho khohlela, ho hema, ho hema ka thata, kapa nakong ea tlhaselo ea asthma
• Nakoana pele ho ikoetlisa ho thusa ho thibela matšoao a asthma

Bolella mofani oa hau haeba o sebelisa meriana ea liphallelo habeli habeli ka beke kapa ho feta. Haeba ho joalo, asthma ea hau e kanna ea se laoloe. Mofani oa hau a ka fetola lethal dose kapa moriana oa hau oa letsatsi le letsatsi oa taolo ea asma.

Meriana ea liphallelo e potlakileng e kenyelletsa:

• Li-bronchodilator tse haufinyane li hula moea
• Oral corticosteroids bakeng sa tlhaselo e matla ea asthma

Tlhaselo e matla ea asma e hloka hore ngaka e u hlahlobe. U kanna ua hloka ho lula sepetlele. Ha u le moo, u kanna ua fuoa oksijene, thuso ea ho phefumoloha, le meriana e fanoang ka mothapo (IV).

HLOKOMELA ASHMA Lapeng

U ka nka mehato ea ho fokotsa monyetla oa tlhaselo ea asma:

• Tseba matšoao a asthma ao u lokelang ho a shebella.
• Tseba ho bala 'mino oa hau le hore na o bolelang.
• Tseba hore na ke lintho life tse etsang hore asthma ea hao e mpefale le hore na o etse eng ha e etsahala.
• Tseba ho hlokomela asma ea hau pele le nakong ea boikoetliso kapa boikoetliso.

Merero ea tšebetso ea asthma ke litokomane tse ngotsoeng bakeng sa ho laola asma. Morero oa tšebetso ea asthma o lokela ho kenyelletsa:

• Litaelo tsa ho noa meriana ea asma ha boemo ba hau bo tsitsitse
• Lethathamo la lisosa tsa asthma le mokhoa oa ho li qoba
• Tsela ea ho tseba ha asthma ea hao e ntse e mpefala, le hore na u letsetse mofani oa hau neng

Metha ea phallo e phahameng ke sesebelisoa se bonolo ho lekanya hore na o ka tsamaisa moea kapele hakae matšoafong a hau.

• E ka u thusa ho bona hore na tlhaselo e tla, ka linako tse ling le pele matšoao a hlaha. Litekanyo tsa phallo ea litlhoro li thusa ho u tsebisa ha u hloka ho noa moriana kapa ketso e ngoe.
• Litekanyetso tsa phallo ea tlhoro ea 50% ho ea ho 80% ea liphetho tsa hau tse ntle ke sesupo sa tlhaselo ea asthma e itekanetseng. Linomoro tse ka tlase ho 50% ke sesupo sa tlhaselo e matla.

Ha ho na pheko ea asthma, leha matšoao a mang a ntlafala ha nako e ntse e feta. Ka ho itlhokomela hantle le kalafo, batho ba bangata ba nang le asma ba ka phela bophelo bo tloaelehileng.

Mathata a asthma a ka ba matla, mme a ka kenyelletsa:

• Lefu
• Ho fokotsa bokhoni ba ho ikoetlisa le ho nka karolo mesebetsing e meng
• Ho hloka boroko ka lebaka la matšoao a bosiu
• Liphetoho tse sa feleng ts'ebetsong ea matšoafo
• Ho khohlela ho phehellang
• Ho hema ka thata ho hlokang thuso ea ho hema (ventilator)

Ikopanye le mofani oa hau bakeng sa kopano haeba matšoao a asthma a hlaha.

Ikopanye le mofani oa hau hang-hang haeba:

• Tlhaselo ea asthma e hloka meriana e mengata ho feta kamoo ho khothalletsoang
• Matšoao a mpefala kapa ha a ntlafatse kalafo
• U phefumoloha hanyane ha u ntse u bua
• Tekanyo ea hau ea phallo ea tlhoro ke 50% ho ea ho 80% ea bokhoni ba hau ba botho

E-ea kamoreng ea maemo a tšohanyetso hang ha matšoao ana a hlaha:

• Ho otsela kapa pherekano
• Phefumoloho e matla ha u phomotse
• Tekanyo ea phallo ea tlhoro e ka tlase ho 50% ea bokhoni ba hau
• Bohloko bo boholo sefubeng
• Mmala o boputsoa molomong le sefahlehong
• Ho hema ka thata haholo
• Pelo e potlakileng
• Matšoenyeho a maholo ka lebaka la phefumoloho e khuts'oane

U ka fokotsa matšoao a asthma ka ho qoba lintho tse ka u bakelang mathata le lintho tse halefisang moea.

• Koahela lintho tsa ho robala ka li-casings tse fanang ka bopaki ba ho hanana le mmele ho fokotsa tšoaetso ea likokoanyana tse lerōle
• Tlosa limmete likamoreng tsa ho robala 'me u hloekise ntlo khafetsa.
• Sebelisa lisebelisoa tse sa hloekang le lisebelisoa tsa ho hloekisa ka tlung.
• Boloka maemo a mongobo a le tlase 'me u lokise ho dutla ho fokotsa kholo ea lintho tse kang hlobo.
• Boloka ntlo e hloekile 'me u boloke lijo ka likotlolong le ka ntle ho likamore. Sena se thusa ho fokotsa monyetla oa maphele. Likarolo tsa 'mele le mantle a maphele li ka baka tlhaselo ea asthma ho batho ba bang.
• Haeba motho a hanana le phoofolo e ke keng ea tlosoa ka lapeng, phoofolo e lokela ho beoa kantle ho kamore. Beha lintho tse sefa ka holim'a mabenkele a futhumatsang / moea o kenang ka tlung ea hau ho tšoasa phofu ea liphoofolo. Fetola sesebelisoa ka sebopi le ka li-conditioner hangata.
• Tlosa mosi oa koae ka tlung. Ena ke eona ntho ea bohlokoahali eo lelapa le ka e etsang ho thusa motho ea nang le asma. Ho tsuba ka ntle ho ntlo ha hoa lekana. Litho tsa lelapa le baeti ba tsubelang kantle ba nkile masala a mosi kahare ka liaparo le moriri. Sena se ka baka matšoao a asthma. Haeba u tsuba, ena ke nako e ntle ea ho tlohela.
• Qoba tšilafalo ea moea, lerōle la liindasteri le mosi o halefisang ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang.

Asthma ea bronchial; Wheezing - asma - batho ba baholo

• Asma le sekolo
• Pherekano - laola lithethefatsi
• Asma ho batho ba baholo - seo u lokelang ho se botsa ngaka
• Sefuba - lithethefatsi tsa liphallelo kapele
• Bronchoconstriction e bakoang ke boikoetliso
• Ho ikoetlisa le asthma sekolong
• Mokhoa oa ho sebelisa nebulizer
• Mokhoa oa ho sebelisa inhaler - ha ho spacer
• Mokhoa oa ho sebelisa inhaler - ka spacer
• Mokhoa oa ho sebelisa metara ea phallo ea tlhoro
• Etsa hore tlhoro ea phallo e be tloaelo
• Matšoao a tlhaselo ea asthma
• Lula hole le lisosa tsa asthma
• Ho tsamaea ka mathata a ho hema

• Matšoafo
• Spirometry
• Sefuba
• Sethala sa phallo ea tlhoro
• Asthmatic bronchiole le bronchiole e tloaelehileng
• Lisosa tse tloaelehileng tsa asthma
• Asma e bakoang ke ho ikoetlisa
• Tsamaiso ea phefumoloho
• Ts'ebeliso ea Spacer - Series
• Tšebeliso ea inhaler ea metered - Series
• Ts'ebeliso ea Nebulizer - letoto la lihlooho
• Ts'ebeliso ea metha ea phallo ea sehlohlolong - Letoto la lihlooho

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Brozek JL, Bousquet J, Agache I, le al. Allergic rhinitis le phello ea eona ho tataiso ea asthma (ARIA) -2019 tlhahlobo. J Ts'oaetso ea Bongaka ea Immunol. 2017; 140 (4): 950-958. PMID: 28602936 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28602936.

Liu AH, Spahn JD, Sicherer SH. Asma ea bongoaneng. Ka: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, bahlophisi. Buka ea Nelson ea Pediatrics. La 21 Ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: khaolo ea 169.

Marcdante KJ, Kliegman RM. Sefuba. Ka: Marcdante KJ, Kliegman RM, bahlophisi. Nelson Bohlokoa ba Pediatrics. La 8th. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019: khaolo ea 78.

Hona joale RM, Tokarski GF. Sefuba. Ka: Marako RM, Hockberger RS, Gausche-Hill M, eds. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Likhopolo le Tloaelo ea Kliniki. La 9th. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018: khaolo ea 63.